Oceanography | March 2019
Oceanography
THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY
VOL.32, NO.1, MARCH 2019
SPECIAL ISSUE ON
SCIENTIFIC OCEAN DRILLING
Looking to the Future
Oceanography | Vol.32, No.1
Oceanography | March 2019
Ross Sea
Prydz Bay
Wilkes Land
Antarctic
Peninsula
Weddell
Sea
Adélie
Land
Amundsen
Sea
PB - ODP
Legs 119 & 188
WL - IODP
Exp. 318
WL - DSDP
Leg 28
RS -DSDP
Leg 28
RS - IODP
Exp. 374
WS - ODP
Leg 113
AP - ODP
eg 178
BS - DSDP
Leg 35
AS - MeBo
AP
Shaldril
CIROS/CRP/ANDRILL
contents
VOL. 32, NO. 1, MARCH 2019
INTRODUCTORY MATERIALS
13
Foreword
By A.E. Maxwell and M. Leinen
14
FROM THE GUEST EDITORS. Introduction to the Special Issue on
Scientific Ocean Drilling: Looking to the Future
By A.A.P. Koppers, C. Escutia, F. Inagaki, H. Pälike, D.M. Saffer, and D. Thomas
16
Spotlight 1. Glomar Challenger
By M. Malone and B. Clement
17
Fifty Years of Scientific Ocean Drilling
By K. Becker, J.A. Austin Jr., N. Exon, S. Humphris, M. Kastner, J.A. McKenzie,
K.G. Miller, K. Suyehiro, and A. Taira
22
In Memoriam: Walter Munk (1917–2019) and Gustaf Arrhenius
(1922–2019)
By H. Given and R. Monroe
24
Spotlight 2. Scientific Ocean Drilling, A Truly International Program
By N. Exon
25
Spotlight 3. A History of Science Plans
By A.A.P. Koppers and J.A. Austin Jr.
THEME 1. CLIMATE AND OCEAN CHANGE
26
Introduction to Theme 1
By D. Thomas
28
Reading All the Pages in the Book on Climate History
By T. Moore and J. Backman
31
Spotlight 4. JOIDES Resolution
By M. Malone and B. Clement
32
Keeping an Eye on Antarctic Ice Shelf Stability
By C. Escutia, R.M. DeConto, R. Dunbar, L. De Santis, A. Shevenell, and T. Naish
47
Spotlight 5. The New IODP Advisory Structure
By A.A.P. Koppers and J.A. Austin Jr.
48
Blowing in the Monsoon Wind
By P. Wang, S.C. Clemens, R. Tada, and R.W. Murray
60
Finding Dry Spells in Ocean Sediments
By S.J. Gallagher and P.B. deMenocal
64
Gauging Quaternary Sea Level Changes Through Scientific Ocean Drilling
By Y. Yokoyama, A. Purcell, and T. Ishiwa
72
Astronomical Time Keeping of Earth History: An Invaluable Contribution
of Scientific Ocean Drilling
By K. Littler, T. Westerhold, A.J. Drury, D. Liebrand, L. Lisiecki, and H. Pälike
77
Spotlight 6. Future Opportunities in Scientific Ocean Drilling:
Climate and Ocean Change
By D. Thomas
Special Issue On
Scientific Ocean Drilling: Looking to the Future
17
64
24
32
Oceanography | March 2019
Oceanography | Vol.32, No.1
C0002G
C0010A
C0001
C0004
Ɛ
Ɛ
Kumano Basin Sediments
Inner Accretionary Prism
Megasplay Fault
Accretionary Prism
Subducting Sediment
Décollement
Igneous Ocean Crust
SPECIAL ISSUE SPONSORS
• IODP United States Science Support
Program (USSSP)
• IODP Japan Drilling Earth Science
Consortium (J-DESC)
• IODP European Consortium for Ocean
Research Drilling (ECORD)
• Australian and New Zealand IODP
Consortium (ANZIC)
• James A. Austin Jr. (University of Texas
Institute for Geophysics)
SPECIAL ISSUE GUEST EDITORS
• ANTHONY A.P. KOPPERS
College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric
Sciences, Oregon State University, USA
• CARLOTA ESCUTIA
Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra,
Universidad de Granada, Spain
• FUMIO INAGAKI
Research and Development Center for
Ocean Drilling Science, Japan Agency for
Marine-Earth Science and Technology
• HEIKO PÄLIKE
MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental
Sciences, Universität Bremen, Germany
• DEMIAN M. SAFFER
Department of Geosciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, USA
• DEBBIE THOMAS
Department of Oceanography, College of
Geosciences, Texas A&M University, USA
THEME 2. PROBING THE DYNAMIC EARTH
AND ASSESSING GEOHAZARDS
78
Introduction to Theme 2
By D.M. Saffer
80
Processes Governing Giant Subduction Earthquakes: IODP Drilling to
Sample and Instrument Subduction Zone Megathrusts
By H.J. Tobin, G. Kimura, and S. Kodaira
94
Spotlight 7. D/V Chikyu
By S. Kuramoto, N. Eguchi, and S. Toczko
95
Riser Drilling: Access to Deep Subseafloor Science
By Y. Yamada, B. Dugan, T. Hirose, and S. Saito
98
Listening Down the Pipe
By E.A. Solomon, K. Becker, A.J. Kopf, and E.E. Davis
102 Tōhoku-oki Fault Zone Frictional Heat Measured During IODP
Expeditions 343 and 343T
By P.M. Fulton, E. Brodsky, J.J. Mori, and F.M. Chester
105 Spotlight 8. Regional Science Planning
By A.A.P. Koppers and Clive R. Neal
106 Slow Motion Earthquakes: Taking the Pulse of Slow Slip with
Scientific Ocean Drilling
By L.M. Wallace, M.J. Ikari, D.M. Saffer, and H. Kitajima
119 Spotlight 9. Published Scientific Ocean Drilling Results
By B. Clement and M. Malone
120 Ocean Drilling Perspectives on Meteorite Impacts
By C.M. Lowery, J.V. Morgan, S.P.S. Gulick, T.J. Bralower, G.L. Christeson,
and the Expedition 364 Scientists
135 Spotlight 10. Future Opportunities in Scientific Ocean Drilling:
Natural Hazards
By H.J. Tobin and D.M. Saffer
THEME 3. A WINDOW INTO EARTH’S CRUST AND MANTLE
136 Introduction to Theme 3
By A.A.P. Koppers
138 What Lies Beneath: The Formation and Evolution of Oceanic Lithosphere
By K. Michibayashi, M. Tominaga, B. Ildefonse, and D.A.H. Teagle
150 When Hotspots Move: The New View of Mantle Dynamics Made Possible
by Scientific Ocean Drilling
By J.A. Tarduno and A.A.P. Koppers
153 Starting a New Ocean and Stopping It
By C.-F. Li, P.D. Clift, Z. Sun, and H.C. Larsen
ON THE COVER
Looking to the Future: A sample
of the next generation of ocean
drilling scientists. See p. 244 for
the full captions and credits.
106
106
138
Oceanography | Vol.32, No.1
Oceanography | March 2019
157 Scientific Drilling Across the Shoreline
By S.P.S. Gulick, K. Miller, P. Kelemen, J. Morgan, J.-N. Proust, and E. Takazawa
160 How to Create New Subduction Zones: A Global Perspective
By R.J. Arculus, M. Gurnis, O. Ishizuka, M.K. Reagan, J.A. Pearce, and R. Sutherland
175 Spotlight 11. Mission-Specific Platforms
By D. McInroy and G. Camoin
176 Contributions of Scientific Ocean Drilling to Understanding the Emplacement
of Submarine Large Igneous Provinces and Their Effects on the Environment
By C.R. Neal, M.F. Coffin, and W.W. Sager
193 Spotlight 12. Future Opportunities in Scientific Ocean Drilling: Deep Earth
By A.A.P. Koppers
194 Spotlight 13. Reaching Out and Preparing the Next Generation
By C. Brenner, N. Eguchi, and A. Morris
THEME 4. MICROBIAL LIFE DEEP BENEATH THE SEAFLOOR
196 Introduction to Theme 4
By F. Inagaki
198 IODP Advances in the Understanding of Subseafloor Life
By S. D’Hondt, F. Inagaki, B.N. Orcutt, and K.-U. Hinrichs
208 The Limits of Life and the Biosphere in Earth’s Interior
By V.B. Heuer, M.A. Lever, Y. Morono, and A. Teske
212 Future Opportunities in Scientific Ocean Drilling: Illuminating
Planetary Habitability
By F. Inagaki and A. Taira
217 Spotlight 14. Gender Balance in Scientific Ocean Drilling
By A.A.P. Koppers, A. Klaus, and H. Given
CONCLUSION
218 Quo Vadis: Look to the Future
By A.A.P. Koppers, C. Escutia, F. Inagaki, H. Pälike, D.M. Saffer, and D. Thomas
REGULAR ISSUE FEATURE
220 Atlantic Warming Since the Little Ice Age
By G. Gebbie
DEPARTMENTS
05
QUARTERDECK. We Are Family
By E.S. Kappel
07
FROM THE PRESIDENT. The Oceanography Society in 2030—
What is Our Joint Ambition?
By M. Visbeck
09
TRIBUTE. Wallace S. Broecker, 1931–2019
By A.C. Mix
10
RIPPLE MARKS. A New Wave: Science and Art Meet in the Sea
By C.L. Dybas
231 HANDS-ON OCEANOGRAPHY. Forces in an Estuary: Tides, Freshwater,
and Friction
By D. Fugate and F. Jose
237 THE OCEANOGRAPHY CLASSROOM. Dr. No (or Yes?)
By S. Boxall
239 CAREER PROFILES. Courtney Schmidt, Staff Scientist, Narragansett Bay
Estuary Program • Lisa Munger, Independent Contractor and Research
Affiliate/Lecturer at University of Oregon
CONTACT US
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CORRECTIONS
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Corrections will be printed in the next issue
of Oceanography.
Oceanography | March 2019
198
220
Oceanography | Vol.32, No.1
EDITOR
Ellen S. Kappel
Geosciences Professional
Services Inc.
5610 Gloster Road
Bethesda, MD 20816 USA
t: (1) 301-229-2709
ekappel@geo-prose.com
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Vicky Cullen
PO Box 687
West Falmouth, MA 02574 USA
t: (1) 508-548-1027
vcullen@whoi.edu
CONTRIBUTING WRITER
Cheryl Lyn Dybas
cheryl.lyn.dybas@gmail.com
DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Johanna Adams
johanna-adams@cox.net
Oceanography
https://tos.org/oceanography
Oceanography contains peer-reviewed articles that chronicle all aspects of
ocean science and its applications. The journal presents significant research,
noteworthy achievements, exciting new technology, and articles that address
public policy and education and how they are affected by science and tech-
nology. The overall goal of Oceanography is cross-disciplinary communica-
tion in the ocean sciences.
Oceanography (ISSN 1042-8275) is published by The Oceanography
Society, 1 Research Court, Suite 450, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. ©2019 The
Oceanography Society Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted for indi-
viduals to copy articles from this magazine for personal use in teaching and
research, and to use figures, tables, and short quotes from the magazine for
republication in scientific books and journals. There is no charge for any of
these uses, but the material must be cited appropriately.
Republication, systemic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any
material in Oceanography is permitted only with the approval of The
Oceanography Society. Please contact Jennifer Ramarui at info@tos.org.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Claudia Benitez-Nelson
University of South Carolina
cbnelson@geol.sc.edu
Ian Brosnan
NASA Ames Research Center
ian.g.brosnan@nasa.gov
Grace Chang
Integral Consulting Inc.
gchang@integral-corp.com
Margaret L. (Peggy) Delaney
University of California, Santa Cruz
delaney@ucsc.edu
Philip N. Froelich
Duke University
froelich@magnet.fsu.edu
Charles H. Greene
Cornell University
chg2@cornell.edu
William Smyth
Oregon State University
smyth@coas.oregonstate.edu
Kiyoshi Suyehiro
Yokohama Institute for Earth
Sciences, JAMSTEC
suyehiro@jamstec.go.jp
Peter Wadhams
University of Cambridge
p.wadhams@damtp.cam.ac.uk
The Oceanography Society was founded in 1988 to
advance oceanographic research, technology, and
education, and to disseminate knowledge of ocean-
ography and its application through research and
education. TOS promotes the broad understand-
ing of oceanography, facilitates consensus building
across all the disciplines of the field, and informs the
public about ocean research, innovative technology,
and educational opportunities throughout the spec-
trum of oceanographic inquiry.
OFFICERS
PRESIDENT: Martin Visbeck
PRESIDENT-ELECT: Andone Lavery
PAST-PRESIDENT: Alan C. Mix
SECRETARY: Allison Miller
TREASURER: Susan Banahan
COUNCILORS
AT-LARGE: Richard Crout
APPLIED TECHNOLOGY: James Girton
BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Charles H. Greene
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Peter Sedwick
EDUCATION: Carolyn Scheurle
GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Amelia Shevenell
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Magdalena Andres
STUDENT REPRESENTATIVE: Christina Hernández
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Jennifer Ramarui
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Oceanography | Vol.32, No.1
Oceanography | March 2019
QUARTERDECK
We are family
Got my drilling partners with me
We are family
Time to drill down under the sea…1
Over the past two decades, it’s been a joy watching my family grow, thrive, and
accomplish so much. While I haven’t been a constant presence, I’ve been invited to
assist at critical junctures, helping to make sure that they continue to achieve great
things and break new ground globally, as well as nurture the newest family mem-
bers. At other times, I keep up with their activities by reading and occasionally chat-
ting with old friends. Busy with current projects, I kvell2 from afar.
Of course, I’m talking about my scientific ocean drilling family. Although it’s
been more than two decades since I was a program manager for the Ocean Drilling
Program (ODP) at Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), I still consider myself a
devoted member of this community.
When I arrived at JOI as a young PhD, the senior program managers at both JOI
and the National Science Foundation—Tom Pyle and Bruce Malfait (both sadly no
longer with us)3, as well as Paul Dauphin—took me under their wings, welcomed
me to the family. They were generous with their time and taught me the ropes.
I learned how dedicated, thoughtful, and sometimes creative management could
help the community achieve its goals. These awesome people remain an inspiration.
So too does the scientific community involved in ODP. As a result of attend-
ing numerous ODP and US Science Support Program meetings and other activi-
ties, I was surrounded by outstanding and generous mentors, too many to name
here. They shared their passion for the program and the science, and also their ideas
about new technologies that could transform data collection in boreholes. Some of
those dreams led to breakthroughs highlighted in this special issue of Oceanography.
Through their actions and words, this community demonstrated how true scientific
collaboration can create a whole that is much, much more than the sum of its parts.
I should add that employment at JOI was also the beginning of a lifelong friendship
and working relationship with two very special people who make The Oceanography
Society tick. Jenny Ramarui, the TOS Executive Director, and Johanna Adams, the
Oceanography designer and TOS webmaster, were part of the JOI ODP team way
back when. I thank them for making each workday fun and for their continued out-
standing service and dedication to the ocean sciences community.
It is said that first jobs can have an impact that lasts a whole lifetime. No
doubt, scientific ocean drilling has done that for me—and I’m certain for tens
or even hundreds of others. It’s been an honor serving and being a part of this
large, wonderful family.
Ellen S. Kappel, Editor
We Are Family
1 With apologies to Sister Sledge.
2 From the Yiddish kveln, meaning “to be delighted,” which, in turn, comes from the Middle
High German word quellen, meaning “to well, gush, or swell.”
3 Read tributes to Tom and Bruce at https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2011.82 and
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.97
June 2019
Salinity Processes in the Upper
ocean Regional Study (SPURS) – 2
September 2019
Partnership for Interdisciplinary
Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO)
December 2019
Flow Encountering Abrupt
Topography (FLEAT)
March 2020
Ecological Effects of Offshore
Wind Energy Development
https://tos.org/oceanography
Do you have an idea for a special
issue of Oceanography? Please send
your suggestions to Editor Ellen Kappel
at ekappel@geo-prose.com.
Oceanography
SPECIAL ISSUES
UPCOMING
CALL FOR IDEAS!
Oceanography | Vol.32, No.1
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FROM THE PRESIDENT
After two years serving as TOS president-elect, I am now looking
forward to working with TOS membership to grow and advance
our society. Under the leadership of Alan Mix, we have made
excellent progress in a number of areas, including the Society’s
budget and have approved the urgently needed TOS policies con-
cerning professional integrity, ethics, and conduct. My goal as
president is to articulate a vision for the Society for the coming
decade. How should TOS adapt to the changes in ocean science?
How can TOS provide value for our members? And how can we
strengthen the profile and impact of TOS? Not only is scientific
ocean drilling “Looking to the Future,” we should be, too.
One area that has seen increased engagement, awareness, and
possibly urgency is that of Integrated Ocean Research or Ocean
Systems Science. Over the last decade, the (non-scientific) world
has discovered and recognized the critical role that the ocean
plays in Earth’s life-support system, and as such, its impor-
tance for societies and their economies. First, a growing pop-
ulation, its affluence, and industrialization have increased pres-
sures on the ocean system. Ocean science has documented the
effects of over-exploitation of natural resources such as fish and
minerals; of increasing levels of pollution from nutrients, carbon
dioxide, toxins, and plastic; and of climate change and coastal
habitat destruction. Second, questions arise about the resilience
of coastal communities. Ocean science and engineering are
expected to provide insights about how to manage change and
stress on our coasts and how to promote diversity in our natu-
ral defense systems. Finally, societies around the world are inter-
ested in figuring out how the ocean domain can provide lasting
prosperity for their people. What are our options for safeguard-
ing the ocean, husbanding its resources for human good, and
preserving and benefiting from its cultural and ecological ser-
vices? Answering these complex questions will require ingenu-
ity and innovation in order to combine knowledge and insights
from a wide range of sources. This approach is often referred to
as “integrated science” or “system science.” Does our society pro-
vide good answers? Do we promote this kind of ocean research?
The next decade provides a unique opportunity for TOS
to engage in the development of the recently established
UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
(2021–2039). The program for the Ocean Science Decade is cur-
rently under debate and will very likely encourage actions toward
a more integrated and sustainable ocean observing system to
facilitate discovery, understanding of ocean systems, and envi-
ronmental monitoring. Advances in robotics and the combina-
tion of remote and in situ ocean observations offer new oppor-
tunities, and free and open data sharing and multi-stakeholder
contributions by governments (rich and poor), the private sector,
and citizens are opening exciting new dimensions. International
efforts, such as the Global Ocean Observing System, the Blue
Planet initiative of the Group on Earth Observations, and the
community developed Framework for Ocean Observing pro-
vide a basis and an opportunity for growth and evolution.
The upcoming decadal conference on ocean observations,
OceanObs’19 (Hawaii, September 16–20, 2019), will provide
an excellent opportunity to advance our ocean observing ambi-
tions. TOS is a proud sponsor of that conference.
The Ocean Science Decade will also highlight opportuni-
ties for integrated research informing human-ocean develop-
ment options, will promote initiatives for global capacity build-
ing, and should improve current ocean governance systems. All
this is actively discussed in the Executive Planning Group for the
Decade. I am a member of this group, and I thank TOS for the
nomination and support.
Our organization has the flexibility to explore new approaches
and programs. However, it is not the president’s job to define
the future of TOS. I will work with President-Elect Andone
Lavery and the TOS Council to establish a consultative pro-
cess to develop an exciting and engaging strategy as we look
ahead to creating a plan for The Oceanography Society in 2030:
Looking to the Future.
Martin Visbeck, TOS President
The Oceanography Society in 2030 –
What is Our Joint Ambition?
Oceanography | Vol.32, No.1
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