Oceanography
THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY
VOL.31, NO.4, DECEMBER 2018
SPECIAL ISSUE ON
The Gulf of San Jorge
(Patagonia, Argentina)
VOL. 31, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2018
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Oceanography | December 2018
Toxicity
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contents
VOL. 31, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2018
14
FROM THE GUEST EDITORS. Introduction to the Special Issue on the
Gulf of San Jorge (Patagonia, Argentina)
By G. St-Onge and G.A. Ferreyra
16
Seasonal Variability of the Oceanic Circulation in the Gulf of San Jorge,
Argentina
By R.P. Matano and E.D. Palma
25
Dynamics of Macronutrients in the San Jorge Gulf During Spring
and Summer
By A.I. Torres, F.E. Paparazzo, G.N. Williams, A.L. Rivas, M.E. Solís, and J.L. Esteves
33
Patagonian Dust as a Source of Macronutrients in the Southwest
Atlantic Ocean
By F.E. Paparazzo, A.C. Crespi-Abril, R.J. Gonçalves, E.S. Barbieri, L.L. Gracia Villalobos,
M.E. Solís, and G. Soria
40
Light Absorption by Phytoplankton, Non-Algal Particles, and Dissolved
Organic Matter in San Jorge Gulf in Summer
By G.N. Williams, P. Larouche, A.I. Dogliotti, and M.P. Latorre
50
Mixing Processes at the Pycnocline and Vertical Nitrate Supply:
Consequences for the Microbial Food Web in San Jorge Gulf, Argentina
By M.P. Latorre, I.R. Schloss, G.O. Almandoz, K. Lemarchand, X. Flores-Melo,
V. Massé-Beaulne, and G.A. Ferreyra
60
High-Frequency Frontal Displacements South of San Jorge Gulf During a
Tidal Cycle Near Spring and Neap Phases: Biological Implications Between
Tidal States
By J.C. Carbajal, A.L. Rivas, and C. Chavanne
70
Phytoplankton Ecology During a Spring-Neap Tidal Cycle in the Southern
Tidal Front of San Jorge Gulf, Patagonia
By X. Flores-Melo, I.R. Schloss, C. Chavanne, G.O. Almandoz, M. Latorre,
and G.A. Ferreyra
81
Effects of a Chronic Oil Spill on the Planktonic System in San Jorge Gulf,
Argentina: A One-Vertical-Dimension Modeling Approach
By P. Klotz, I.R. Schloss, and D. Dumont
92
Quantifying Sources and Transport Pathways of Surface Sediments in the
Gulf of San Jorge, Central Patagonia (Argentina)
By P.-A. Desiage, J.-C. Montero-Serrano, G. St-Onge, A.C. Crespi-Abril, E. Giarratano,
M.N. Gil, and M.J. Haller
104 Spatial Analysis of Benthic Functional Biodiversity in San Jorge Gulf,
Argentina
By J. Kaminsky, M. Varisco, M. Fernández, R. Sahade, and P. Archambault
113
Free-Living Marine Nematode Communities in San Jorge Gulf, Argentina
By C.T. Pastor de Ward, V. Lo Russo, and M. Varisco
122 Distribution of Modern Dinoflagellate Cyst Assemblages in Surface
Sediments of San Jorge Gulf (Patagonia, Argentina)
By S. Faye, A. Rochon, and G. St-Onge
SPECIAL ISSUE ON
The Gulf of San Jorge (Patagonia, Argentina)
16
113
81
104
Oceanography | December 2018
Oceanography | Vol.31, No.4
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SPECIAL ISSUE SPONSORS
Production of this issue of Oceanography
was supported by:
• Gouvernement du Québec through its
Secrétariat à la Stratégie maritime
• Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)
and its Institut des sciences de la mer de
Rimouski (ISMER)
• Fonds de recherche du Québec
• Secretaria de Gobierno de Ciencia,
Tecnología e Innovación Productiva,
República Argentina
SPECIAL ISSUE GUEST EDITORS
• GUILLAUME ST-ONGE
Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski,
Université du Québec à Rimouski
• GUSTAVO A. FERREYRA
Centro Austral de Investigaciones
Científicas
ON THE COVER
A high concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Gulf
of San Jorge near Cape Tres Puntas captured on August 31, 2015, in a
MODIS Aqua true color (Bands 1, 4, and 3; 500 m resolution) satellite
image. During periods when the SPM concentration is high in the
water column, the coastal circulation can be identified through the
spatial configuration of SPM. This satellite image reveals the coastal
low-salinity/high SPM waters originating from the Strait of Magellan,
Santa Cruz River, and Puerto Deseado Estuary flowing to the north
and reaching the southern area of the gulf, where a physically and
biologically important tidal front develops. Source: NASA Worldview
application (https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov), part of the NASA
Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS)
132
132 Occurrence of Marine Biotoxins and Shellfish Poisoning Events and
Their Causative Organisms in Argentine Marine Waters
By B. Krock, M.E. Ferrario, R. Akselman, and N.G. Montoya
145 Toxigenic Dinoflagellates and Associated Toxins in San Jorge Gulf,
Argentina
By E. Fabro, B. Krock, A.I. Torres, F.E. Paparazzo, I.R. Schloss, G.A. Ferreyra,
and G.O. Almandoz
154 Composition, Spatial Distribution, and Trophic Structure of
the Zooplankton Community in San Jorge Gulf, Southwestern
Atlantic Ocean
By E.M. Giménez, G. Winkler, M. Hoffmeyer, and G.A. Ferreyra
REGULAR ISSUE FEATURES
164 Topics and Trends in NSF Ocean Sciences Awards
By I.D. Lima and J.E. Rheuban
171
Meeting Mentoring Needs in Physical Oceanography:
An Evaluation of the Impact of MPOWIR
By C.B. Mouw, S. Clem, S. Legg, and J. Stockard
DEPARTMENTS
07
QUARTERDECK. Global Temperatures and…Baseball?
By E.S. Kappel
09
FROM THE PRESIDENT. “So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish”
By A.C. Mix
10
RIPPLE MARKS. Over a Cliff: Northern Elephant Seals’ California
Comeback Challenged by Sea Level Rise, Inbreeding
By C.L. Dybas
180 NEWS AND INFORMATION. Marine Sciences in Germany:
The Restart in Kiel After World War II
By G. Siedler, J. Thiede, and W. Zenk
182 THE OCEANOGRAPHY CLASSROOM. Leveraging Student
Experience with Water for Active Learning in a Large Introductory
Oceanography Classroom
By R. Freeman
184 HANDS-ON OCEANOGRAPHY. How Do Upwelling and El Niño Impact
Coral Reef Growth? A Guided, Inquiry-Based Lesson
By P.M. Gravinese, L.T. Toth, C.J. Randall, and R.B. Aronson
189 CAREER PROFILE. Aaron Goldner, Energy Policy Advisor, Office of
Senator Sheldon Whitehouse
Oceanography | Vol.31, No.4
Oceanography | December 2018
EDITOR
Ellen S. Kappel
Geosciences Professional Services Inc.
5610 Gloster Road
Bethesda, MD 20816 USA
t: (1) 301-229-2709
ekappel@geo-prose.com
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Vicky Cullen
PO Box 687
West Falmouth, MA 02574 USA
t: (1) 508-548-1027
vcullen@whoi.edu
CONTRIBUTING WRITER
Cheryl Lyn Dybas
cheryl.lyn.dybas@gmail.com
DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Johanna Adams
johanna-adams@cox.net
Oceanography
https://tos.org/oceanography
Oceanography contains peer-reviewed articles that chronicle all aspects of
ocean science and its applications. The journal presents significant research,
noteworthy achievements, exciting new technology, and articles that address
public policy and education and how they are affected by science and technol-
ogy. The overall goal of Oceanography is cross-disciplinary communication in
the ocean sciences.
Oceanography (ISSN 1042-8275) is published by The Oceanography
Society, 1 Research Court, Suite 450, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. ©2018 The
Oceanography Society Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted for indi-
viduals to copy articles from this magazine for personal use in teaching and
research, and to use figures, tables, and short quotes from the magazine for
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Republication, systemic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any mate-
rial in Oceanography is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography
Society. Please contact Jennifer Ramarui at info@tos.org.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Claudia Benitez-Nelson
University of South Carolina
cbnelson@geol.sc.edu
Ian Brosnan
NASA Ames Research Center
ian.g.brosnan@nasa.gov
Grace Chang
Integral Consulting Inc.
gchang@integral-corp.com
Margaret L. (Peggy) Delaney
University of California, Santa Cruz
delaney@ucsc.edu
Philip N. Froelich
Duke University
froelich@magnet.fsu.edu
Charles H. Greene
Cornell University
chg2@cornell.edu
William Smyth
Oregon State University
smyth@coas.oregonstate.edu
Kiyoshi Suyehiro
Yokohama Institute for Earth
Sciences, JAMSTEC
suyehiro@jamstec.go.jp
Peter Wadhams
University of Cambridge
p.wadhams@damtp.cam.ac.uk
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Oceanography | December 2018
Oceanography | Vol.31, No.4
ANOTHER WAY
TO INNOVATE.
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Oceanography | December 2018
Oceanography | Vol.31, No.4
Oceanography | December 2018
QUARTERDECK
A recent tweet by a public official declaring that record- breaking
cold in New York City over Thanksgiving demonstrated that
our climate isn’t actually warming prompted me to contemplate
whether the general public understands the significance of long-
term trends and the pitfalls in drawing conclusions from one
data point. I think people understand this concept quite well.
As discussed in my March column (https://doi.org/ 10.5670/
oceanog.2018.100), people use math and science all of the time
without realizing it.
For fun, I took a shot at using baseball statistics as a possi-
ble way to help a broad audience interpret a plot of long-term
increases in global temperature. Baseball is perfect subject to
use—at least in the United States. Its fans are famous for ana-
lyzing everything and anything about the game and its play-
ers. Numbers, articles about the numbers, and articles about the
articles about the numbers abound on the Internet. It was sim-
ple to find and then plot home runs for each year since 1920.
For readers who are baseball aficionados, I’ll mention that the
graph begins at 1920 because that was the year the spitball (which
suppressed offense) was outlawed and just after the so-called
“dead-ball era” concluded. I didn’t want to skew the overall aver-
age number of home runs hit. And, yes, the total includes both
American and National Leagues, even though they weren’t using
the same baseball until 1934.
I got lucky in my choice for this attempted analogy. Figure 1
clearly shows a long-term increase in the number of home runs
hit per year compared to the average from 1920–20181. There
were brief periods of offensive decline (pitchers dominated in the
1960s) and some extreme outlier years of offensive futility (most
famously 1968), but the long-term trend toward more power hit-
ting is undeniable. Indeed, the home run data plot in Figure 1
somewhat resembles the plot of yearly global surface temperature
from 1900–2017 compared to the 1981–2010 average (Figure 2).
Even as increasingly severe wildfires and hurricanes illumi-
nate the realities of climate change, scientists still struggle in
public debates—not to mention cable television wars—perhaps
because we are not breaking down the complex climate issue
into simple enough bits and pieces that the public can more eas-
ily grasp. Tangible, everyday analogies for different important
ocean sciences and related topics might resonate with the pub-
lic. Perhaps if our community were to compile and share talking
points that work for audiences during public talks, we would all
benefit. TOS would be happy to post on our website any notes
and graphics you might submit for all to use. Consistent with
the international nature of our community, analogies from other
sports are welcome. Soccer—or should I say football—anyone?
Ellen S. Kappel, Editor
Global Temperatures and…Baseball?
1 Readers who are curious as to why there is an increasing trend in the number of home runs hit over time have their pick of theories. Some writers believe the uptick in home
runs post-2015 is due to a change in the composition and construction of the baseball, according to Ben Lindbergh and Mitchel Lichtman of the Ringer (https://www.theringer.
com/2017/6/14/16044264/2017-mlb-home-run-spike-juiced-ball-testing-reveal-155cd21108bc). At the same time, batters who joined the so-called “launch angle revolution”
adopted uppercut swings that generate greater power, often at the cost of reducing batting average and increasing strikeouts (https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/
sports/mlb-launch-angles-story/?utm_term=.bf1cc76d6013).
FIGURE 1. Home runs per year as compared to the 1920–2018 aver-
age. Data from the Baseball Almanac: http://www.baseball-almanac.com/
hitting/hihr6.shtml.
FIGURE 2. Yearly global surface temperature from 1900–2017
compared to the 1981–2010 average. The different colors repre-
sent different research groups’ analysis of the historical tempera-
ture record. Modified from https://www.climate.gov/news-features/
understanding-climate/climate- change-global-temperature.
–3,000
–2,000
–1,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2018
Diference from Average (Home Run Hits)
BASEBALL: Number of Home Runs Hit Per Year
Compared to the 1920–2018 Average
TEMPERATURE: Global Surface Temperature Per Year
Compared to the 1981–2010 Average
1920–2018 Average
–1.5
–1.0
–0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2017
Diference from Average (°C)
1981–2010 Average
–3,000
–2,000
–1,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2018
Diference from Average (Home Run Hits)
BASEBALL: Number of Home Runs Hit Per Year
Compared to the 1920–2018 Average
TEMPERATURE: Global Surface Temperature Per Year
Compared to the 1981–2010 Average
1920–2018 Average
–1.5
–1.0
–0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2017
Diference from Average (°C)
1981–2010 Average
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