Oceanography | December 2020
EDITOR
Ellen S. Kappel
Geosciences Professional
Services Inc.
ekappel@geo-prose.com
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Vicky Cullen
vcullen@whoi.edu
DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Johanna Adams
johanna-adams@cox.net
Oceanography
https://tos.org/oceanography
Oceanography contains peer-reviewed articles that chronicle all aspects of
ocean science and its applications. The journal presents significant research,
noteworthy achievements, exciting new technology, and articles that address
public policy and education and how they are affected by science and tech-
nology. The overall goal of Oceanography is cross-disciplinary communica-
tion in the ocean sciences.
Oceanography (ISSN 1042-8275) is published by The Oceanography Society,
1 Research Court, Suite 450, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Oceanography arti-
cles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and repro-
duction in any medium or format as long as users cite the materials appro-
priately, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate the
changes that were made to the original content. Third-party material used
in articles are included in the Creative Commons license unless indicated
otherwise in a credit line to the material. If the material is not included in
the article’s Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission
directly from the license holder to reproduce the material. Please contact
Jennifer Ramarui at info@tos.org for further information.
The Oceanography Society was founded in 1988 to
advance oceanographic research, technology, and
education, and to disseminate knowledge of ocean-
ography and its application through research and
education. TOS promotes the broad understand-
ing of oceanography, facilitates consensus building
across all the disciplines of the field, and informs the
public about ocean research, innovative technology,
and educational opportunities throughout the spec-
trum of oceanographic inquiry.
OFFICERS
PRESIDENT: Martin Visbeck
PRESIDENT-ELECT: Andone Lavery
PAST-PRESIDENT: Alan C. Mix
SECRETARY: Allison Miller
TREASURER: Susan Banahan
COUNCILORS
AT-LARGE: Richard Crout
APPLIED TECHNOLOGY: Larry Mayer
BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Charles H. Greene
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Galen McKinley
EDUCATION: Carolyn Scheurle
GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Amelia Shevenell
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Magdalena Andres
STUDENT REPRESENTATIVE: Christina Hernández
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Jennifer Ramarui
CORPORATE AND
INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS
BAKER DONELSON
» https://www.bakerdonelson.com
INTEGRAL CONSULTING INC.
» https://www.integral-corp.com/
METOCEAN SOLUTIONS
» https://www.metocean.co.nz/
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE
» https://noc.ac.uk
SCIENCE MEDIA
» http://sciencemedia.nl/
SEA-BIRD SCIENTIFIC
» https://sea-birdscientific.com
SEQUOIA
» http://www.sequoiasci.com/
SUBMARINE CABLE SALVAGE
» https://www.oceannetworks.com/
submarine-cable-salvage
TELEDYNE RD INSTRUMENTS
» http://www.teledynemarine.com/rdi
US ARCTIC RESEARCH COMMISSION
» https://arctic.gov
tos.org
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Claudia Benitez-Nelson
University of South Carolina
cbnelson@geol.sc.edu
Ian Brosnan
NASA Ames Research Center
ian.g.brosnan@nasa.gov
Grace Chang
Integral Consulting Inc.
gchang@integral-corp.com
Margaret L. (Peggy) Delaney
University of California, Santa Cruz
delaney@ucsc.edu
Philip N. Froelich
Duke University
froelich@magnet.fsu.edu
Charles H. Greene
Cornell University
chg2@cornell.edu
William Smyth
Oregon State University
smyth@coas.oregonstate.edu
Kiyoshi Suyehiro
Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences
JAMSTEC
suyehiro@jamstec.go.jp
Peter Wadhams
University of Cambridge
p.wadhams@damtp.cam.ac.uk
Oceanography | December 2020