Oceanography | March 2021
Oceanography
THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY
VOL.34, NO.1, MARCH 2021
Ten Years of Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science
Oceanography | Vol.34, No.1
VOL. 34, NO. 1, MARCH 2021
seabird.com
Oceanography | March 2021
2019
GRIIDC
Surpasses
2,000
Data Sets
$38M = 22
Investigator Grants
$140M = 12
Consortia Grants
First
Data Set
Submitted
to GRIIDC
First
Annual
Conference
$110.5M = 8
Consortia Grants
GRIIDC
Surpasses
1,000
Data Sets
MAY
2010
$1.5M = 17
Bridge Grants
$18.6M = 19
Investigator Grants
JUNE
2010
JULY
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2020
$45M
Block
Grants
GoMRI
Synthesis
Symposium
1,500th
GoMRI
Publication
GoMRI
Program
Announcement
$500M
Over 10 Years
1,000th
GoMRI
Publication
500th
GoMRI
Publication
$50M = 8 Consortia Grants and
23 Investigator Grants
GRIIDC
Surpasses
3,000
Data Sets
First
Synthesis
Workshop
APRIL 2010
DEEPWATER
HORIZON
OIL SPILL
contents VOL. 34, NO. 1, MARCH 2021
SPECIAL ISSUE ON
THE GULF OF MEXICO RESEARCH INITIATIVE:
TEN YEARS OF OIL SPILL AND ECOSYSTEM SCIENCE
15
FROM THE GUEST EDITORS. About the Special Issue
By R. Colwell, J. Shepherd, M. Feldman, C. Wilson, R. Shaw, and M. Leinen
16
From Disaster to Understanding: Formation and Accomplishments of
the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative
By L.A. Zimmermann, M.G. Feldman, D.S. Benoit, M.J. Carron, N.M. Dannreuther,
K.H. Fillingham, J.C. Gibeaut, J.L. Petitt, J.B. Ritchie, R.R. Rossi, S.H. Sempier, J.K. Shaw,
J.L. Swanseen, C.A. Wilson, C.J. Yanoff, and R.R. Colwell
30
The Gulf of Mexico: An Overview
By L.D. McKinney, J.G. Shepherd, C.A. Wilson, W.T. Hogarth, J. Chanton, S.A. Murawski,
P.A. Sandifer, T. Sutton, D. Yoskowitz, K. Wowk, T.M. Özgökmen, S.B. Joye, and R. Caffey
44
What Was Released? Assessing the Physical Properties and Chemical
Composition of Petroleum and Products of Burned Oil
By J. Rullkötter and J.W. Farrington
58
Physical Transport Processes that Affect the Distribution of Oil in the
Gulf of Mexico: Observations and Modeling
By M. Boufadel, A. Bracco, E.P. Chassignet, S.S. Chen, E. D’Asaro, W.K. Dewar,
O. Garcia-Pineda, D. Justić, J. Katz, V.H. Kourafalou, I.R. MacDonald, T.M. Özgökmen,
C.B. Paris-Limouzy, S.S. Socolofsky, D. Halpern, and J.G. Shepherd
76
Biogeochemical Processes Affecting the Fate of Discharged
Deepwater Horizon Gas and Oil: New Insights and Remaining Gaps in
Our Understanding
By J.W. Farrington, E.B. Overton, and U. Passow
98
A Decade of GoMRI Dispersant Science: Lessons Learned and
Recommendations for the Future
By A. Quigg, J.W. Farrington, S. Gilbert, S.A. Murawski, and V.T. John
112 Considerations for Scientists Getting Involved in Oil Spill Research
By K.M. Halanych and D.G. Westerholm
124 GoMRI Insights into Microbial Genomics and Hydrocarbon Bioremediation
Response in Marine Ecosystems
By S. Weiman, S.B. Joye, J.E. Kostka, K.M. Halanych, and R.R. Colwell
136 Impacts of Petroleum, Petroleum Components, and Dispersants on
Organisms and Populations
By S.A. Murawski, M. Grosell, C. Smith, T. Sutton, K.M. Halanych, R.F. Shaw,
and C.A. Wilson
98
124
16
58
Oceanography | March 2021
Oceanography | Vol.34, No.1
192
152 Effects of Petroleum By-Products and Dispersants on Ecosystems
By K.M. Halanych, C.H. Ainsworth, E.E. Cordes, R.E. Dodge, M. Huettel,
I.A. Mendelssohn, S.A. Murawski, C.B. Paris-Limouzy, P.T. Schwing, R.F. Shaw,
and T. Sutton
164 Prospects for Gulf of Mexico Environmental Recovery and Restoration
By D.A. Wiesenburg, B. Shipp, F.J. Fodrie, S. Powers, J. Lartigue, K.M. Darnell,
M.M. Baustian, C. Ngo, J.F. Valentine, and K. Wowk
174 Human Health and Socioeconomic Effects of the Deepwater Horizon
Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico
By P.A. Sandifer, A. Ferguson, M.L. Finucane, M. Partyka, H.M. Solo-Gabriele,
A.H. Walker, K. Wowk, R. Caffey, and D. Yoskowitz
192 Technological Developments Since the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
By N.M. Dannreuther, D. Halpern, J. Rullkötter, and D. Yoerger
212 Preparedness, Planning, and Advances in Operational Response
By D.G. Westerholm, C.H. Ainsworth, C.H. Barker, P.G. Brewer, J.W. Farrington,
D. Justić, V.H. Kourafalou, S.A. Murawski, J.G. Shepherd, and H.M. Solo-Gabriele
228 Summary of Findings and Research Recommendations from the
Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative
By C.A. Wilson, M.G. Feldman, M.J. Carron, N.M. Dannreuther, J.W. Farrington,
K.M. Halanych, J.L. Petitt, J. Rullkötter, P.A. Sandifer, J.K. Shaw, J.G. Shepherd,
D.G. Westerholm, C.J. Yanoff, and L.A. Zimmermann
SPECIAL ISSUE SPONSOR
Production of this issue of Oceanography
was supported by the Gulf of Mexico
Research Initiative.
SPECIAL ISSUE GUEST EDITORS
Rita Colwell, University of Maryland
John Shepherd, University of Southampton
Michael Feldman, Consortium for Ocean
Leadership
Chuck Wilson, Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative
Rick Shaw, Louisiana State University
Margaret Leinen, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography
Oceanography | Vol.34, No.1
On the Cover. The cover artwork rep-
resents the Gulf of Mexico as one of the
most prolific and complex bodies of water
on the planet. The Gulf is a critical habi-
tat for marine life, while also being one
of the most heavily trafficked and utilized
bodies of water on the planet. The cover
illustrates this delicate balance. Image
created by Jason Mallett, Consortium for
Ocean Leadership
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Oceanography
VOL. 34, NO. 1, MARCH 2021
Oceanography
THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY
VOL.34, NO.1, MARCH 2021
Ten Years of Oil Spill and Ecosystem Science
Image credit: NASA Earth Observatory image by Joshua Stevens, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey.
174
Oceanography | March 2021
CONTACT US
The Oceanography Society
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t: (1) 301-251-7708
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CORRECTIONS
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Oceanography.
REGULAR ISSUE FEATURES
240 Moored Observations of Current and Temperature in the Alas Strait:
Collected for Submarine Tailing Placement, Used for Calculating the
Indonesian Throughflow
By R.D. Susanto, J.M. Waworuntu, W. Prayogo, and A. Setianto
249 The Rise of Dynamical Oceanography—A Fragmentary Historical Note:
The Stommel-Munk Correspondence, 1947–1953
By C. Wunsch
DEPARTMENTS
05
QUARTERDECK. Oceanography Happenings
By E.S. Kappel
07
FROM THE PRESIDENT. TOS Makes Progress on its Strategy 2030:
Looking to the Future
By A.C. Lavery
09
FROM THE TOS JEDI COMMITTEE. TOS Expands Efforts to Promote
Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in the Ocean Sciences
By E. Meyer-Gutbrod, F. Muller-Karger, and the TOS Justice, Equity, Diversity,
and Inclusion Committee
10
TRIBUTE. Larry Philip Atkinson: 1941–2020
By G. Cutter and L. Codispoti
12
RIPPLE MARKS. Surgical Masks on the Beach: COVID-19 and Marine
Plastic Pollution
By C.L. Dybas
254 OCEAN EDUCATION. Interdisciplinary Research Collaborative Trains
Students to See Through Turbulent Systems
By K. Cammen, G. Marafino, S. Burton, J. Dow, E. Dullaert, M. Jorge, K. Macolini,
L. McGarry, C. Tremblay, J. Jansujwicz, T. Johnson, L. Ross, and G. Zydlewski
266 OCEAN EDUCATION. Virtual and Remote—Hands-On Undergraduate
Research in Plankton Ecology During the 2020 Pandemic: COVID-19
Can’t Stop This!
By P. Marrec, A. Miller, L. Maranda, and S. Menden-Deuer
274 THE OCEANOGRAPHY CLASSROOM. A New Way of Learning
By S. Boxall
276 CAREER PROFILES. John W. Farrell, Executive Director, United States
Arctic Research Commission • Francis K. Wiese, Senior Principal, Marine
Science Lead, Stantec
266
240
249
Oceanography | March 2021
Oceanography | Vol.34, No.1
The Oceanography Society was founded in 1988 to advance
oceanographic research, technology, and education, and
to disseminate knowledge of oceanography and its appli-
cation through research and education. TOS promotes
the broad understanding of oceanography, facilitates con-
sensus building across all the disciplines of the field, and
informs the public about ocean research, innovative tech-
nology, and educational opportunities throughout the spec-
trum of oceanographic inquiry.
OFFICERS
PRESIDENT: Andone Lavery
PRESIDENT-ELECT: Deborah Bronk
PAST-PRESIDENT: Martin Visbeck
SECRETARY: Allison Miller
TREASURER: Susan Banahan
COUNCILORS
AT-LARGE: Richard Crout
APPLIED TECHNOLOGY: Larry Mayer
BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Kim S. Bernard
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Galen McKinley
EARLY CAREER: Erin Satterthwaite
EDUCATION: Sara Harris
GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Amelia Shevenell
OCEAN DATA SCIENCE: Vicki Ferrini
OCEAN SCIENCE AND POLICY: Leopoldo C. Gerhardinger
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: LuAnne Thompson
STUDENT REPRESENTATIVE: Christina Hernández
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Jennifer Ramarui
CORPORATE AND INSTITUTIONAL
MEMBERS
Baker Donelson » bakerdonelson.com
Integral Consulting Inc. » integral-corp.com
Metocean Solutions » metocean.co.nz
National Oceanography Centre » noc.ac.uk
Science Media » sciencemedia.nl
Sea-Bird Scientific » seabird.com
Sequoia » sequoiasci.com
Submarine Cable Salvage » oceannetworks.com/
submarine-cable-salvage
Teledyne Rd Instruments » teledynemarine.com/rdi
US Arctic Research Commission » arctic.gov
tos.org
EDITOR
Ellen S. Kappel, Geosciences Professional Services Inc.
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Vicky Cullen
DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Johanna Adams
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Claudia Benitez-Nelson, University of South Carolina
Ian Brosnan, NASA Ames Research Center
Grace Chang, Integral Consulting Inc.
Margaret L. (Peggy) Delaney, University of California, Santa Cruz
Philip N. Froelich, Duke University
Charles H. Greene, Cornell University
William Smyth, Oregon State University
Kiyoshi Suyehiro, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC
Peter Wadhams, University of Cambridge
Oceanography contains peer-reviewed articles that chronicle
all aspects of ocean science and its applications. The journal
presents significant research, noteworthy achievements, excit-
ing new technology, and articles that address public policy and
education and how they are affected by science and technol-
ogy. The overall goal of Oceanography is cross- disciplinary
communication in the ocean sciences.
Oceanography
(ISSN 1042-8275) is published by The
Oceanography Society, 1 Research Court, Suite 450, Rockville,
MD 20850 USA. Oceanography articles are licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduc-
tion in any medium or format as long as users cite the mate-
rials appropriately, provide a link to the Creative Commons
license, and indicate the changes that were made to the orig-
inal content. Third-party material used in articles are included
in the Creative Commons license unless indicated otherwise in
a credit line to the material. If the material is not included in the
article’s Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain
permission directly from the license holder to reproduce the
material. Please contact Jennifer Ramarui at info@tos.org for
further information.
Oceanography
tos.org/oceanography
Oceanography | Vol.34, No.1
Oceanography | March 2021
QUARTERDECK
Oceanography Happenings
MUCH HAS HAPPENED in our little cor-
ner of the world since publication of the
December issue of Oceanography. Here, I
share a few newsworthy items.
1. Oceanography News. In an effort
to timely share important notices with
the ocean science community, we now
devote a section of The Oceanography
Society home page (https://tos.org/) to
Oceanography news. A recurring feature
in this news section is a listing of early
online releases of magazine articles to
advertise their availability more promi-
nently. When you next visit the TOS home
page, don’t forget to scroll down to read
the latest Oceanography announcements.
2. Translation of hands-on supplement
into Japanese. A Japanese language ver-
sion of the booklet “Teaching Physical
Concepts in Oceanography: An Inquiry-
Based Approach” by Lee Karp-Boss
and colleagues is now available online.
Masahiko Fuji of Hokkaido University
provided the translation. Published as
a supplement to Oceanography in 2009,
the booklet focuses on educational
approaches to engaging students in learn-
ing. It offers a collection of hands-on/
minds-on activities for teaching physical
concepts that are fundamental in oceanog-
raphy, including density, pressure, buoy-
ancy, heat and temperature, and gravity
waves. The Japanese translation is a great
addition to the English, Spanish, Catalan,
and French versions of this widely used
booklet of hands-on activities. You can
download all available language versions
here: https://tos.org/oceanography/issue/
volume-22-issue-03-supplement.
3. Ocean Observing Supplement. We
are excited to announce the upcoming
December publication of the first annual
supplement to Oceanography on ocean
observing, sponsored by Ocean Networks
Canada, the Partnership for Observation
of the Global Ocean, the National Oce-
anic and Atmospheric Administration’s
Global Ocean Monitoring and Observ-
ing Program, and the US Arctic Research
Commission. The objective of this supple-
ment is to widely disseminate information
about the many ways in which scientists
observe the ocean to improve our under-
standing of planet Earth and support sus-
tainable management of the ocean and
its resources. For the inaugural 2021 sup-
plement, we are aligning the content with
the priorities of the UN Decade of Ocean
Science for Sustainable Development.
If you missed the announcement call-
ing for letters of interest by May 20, rest
assured you will have a chance to con-
tribute to future ocean observing supple-
ments. More information is available at
https://tos.org/ pdfs/ ocean- observing-
supplement.pdf.
4. JEDI column in Oceanography. On
page 9 in this issue, readers will find the
inaugural column contributed by the TOS
Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion
(JEDI) committee, which was formed in
late 2020. The committee will use the JEDI
column as one vehicle to communicate its
activities to the ocean sciences commu-
nity and beyond. Read their first column
to learn about the committee’s objectives
and ways to engage with its members. We
would like to see as many TOS members
as possible participate in some way with
this important JEDI effort.
Happy spring!
Ellen S. Kappel, Editor
UPCOMING
SPECIAL ISSUES
JUNE 2021
Marine Biodiversity Observation
Network: An Observing System
for Life in the Sea
DECEMBER 2021
Oceans Across the Solar System
DECEMBER 2021 SUPPLEMENT
Ocean Observing
MARCH 2022
The Changing Arctic Ocean
MARCH 2022 SUPPLEMENT
New Frontiers in Ocean
Exploration
Oceanography
https://tos.org/oceanography
CALL FOR IDEAS!
Do you have an idea for a special issue
of Oceanography? Please send your
suggestions to Editor Ellen Kappel at
ekappel@geo-prose.com.
Pilina means connection, relationship, and
association and is an important value in Hawaiian
culture that encourages inclusivity and collabora-
tions to achieve results that cannot be accomplished
with one person alone. The 2022 OSM focuses on the
importance of strong pilina for the ocean science
community. By coming together, we can forge
a path toward a sustainable future.
SPONSORED BY:
For practical and logistical
information, contact the
conference management
office at 1-254-776-3550 or
1-800-929-2756, or by email
at meetings@aslo.org.
Stay up to date by visiting oceansciencesmeeting.org
SESSION SUBMISSION STARTS IN MARCH!
HONOLULU, HI, USA
Registration and Abstract Submission Opens July 2021
Pilina means connection, relationship, and association and is an
important value in Hawaiian culture that encourages inclusivity and
collaborations to achieve results that cannot be accomplished with one
person alone. The 2022 OSM focuses on the importance of strong pilina
for the ocean science community. By coming together, we can forge
a path toward a sustainable future.
For practical and logistical information,
contact the conference management
office at 1-254-776-3550 or 1-800-929-2756,
or by email at meetings@aslo.org.
Stay up to date by visiting oceansciencesmeeting.org
Pilina means connection, relationship, and
association and is an important value in Hawaiian
culture that encourages inclusivity and collabora-
tions to achieve results that cannot be accomplished
with one person alone. The 2022 OSM focuses on the
importance of strong pilina for the ocean science
community. By coming together, we can forge
a path toward a sustainable future.
SPONSORED BY:
For practical and logistical
information, contact the
conference management
office at 1-254-776-3550 or
1-800-929-2756, or by email
at meetings@aslo.org.
Stay up to date by visiting oceansciencesmeeting.org
SESSION SUBMISSION STARTS IN MARCH!
HONOLULU, HI, USA
Oceanography | March 2021
TOS MAKES PROGRESS ON ITS
STRATEGY 2030: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
IN JANUARY 2021, I took over the posi-
tion of president of The Oceanography
Society (TOS) from Martin Visbeck, who
had just finished navigating a remarkably
challenging year punctuated by divisive
US politics, global unrest, and a devastat-
ing pandemic that changed lives every-
where. Science took a back seat, with
field seasons canceled, education systems
stalled, and many of us struggling to bal-
ance our new working arrangements. And
yet, under Martin’s steady leadership, the
Society embraced many positive changes.
With a stabilized budget and healthy
membership growth, Martin turned his
sights to our longer-term strategy— one of
his goals for TOS was to articulate a vision
for the Society for the coming decade.
After the close of the Ocean Sciences
Meeting in San Diego in February 2020,
and just weeks before the pandemic shut-
tered our everyday lives, Martin con-
vened a strategy and visioning work-
shop for TOS. Drawing energy from
the UN Decade of Ocean Science for
Sustainable Development, he called the
session “Strategy 2030: Looking to the
Future” and posed several questions for
its participants: “How should TOS adapt
to the changes in ocean science? How
can TOS provide value for our members?
And how can we strengthen the profile
and impact of TOS?”
Many exciting ideas were proposed at
the first Strategy 2030 workshop, and feel-
ing energized, participants decided that
some of these ideas needed to be imple-
mented without delay, before the vision-
ing process was complete. High on the
priority list was the notion that we need
to both support excellence in core ocean
sciences research and exploration and
yet firmly encourage a vision that helps
ocean science solve some of our planet’s
most thorny challenges. It appeared that
a good starting place for TOS would be to
improve our scientific inclusivity, mem-
ber equity, and diversity. We want broad
participation to include members who
represent solution-driven science at the
intersection of oceanography and socio-
economics, policy, social sciences, big
data, and informatics. One way to encour-
age an inclusive and diverse membership
is for the make-up of the TOS Council to
reflect the scientific diversity of its mem-
bers. As a result of this first workshop,
we have added an Ocean Data Science
Councilor and an Ocean Social Science
and Policy Councilor. TOS’s commit-
ment to its student and early career mem-
bers remains strong, and so we have also
added an Education Councilor and an
Early Career Councilor, and have initi-
ated a Student Committee, chaired by the
Council’s Student Representative.
An area that has seen explosive growth
in engagement and awareness on the
national stage, and has some very sig-
nificant urgency in our own Society, is
the issue of justice, equity, diversity, and
inclusion (JEDI). The TOS JEDI commit-
tee was inaugurated this last year, with
the goal of celebrating our differences and
creating a culture of belonging. The JEDI
committee has been diligently working to
firm up our core values and terms of ref-
erence, which will soon be shared with
the TOS community. As president of
TOS, I feel we are in good hands with the
wisdom of our JEDI committee.
While the pandemic offered few sil-
ver linings, it did turn out to be a time
of opportunity for experimenting with
member engagement. We have learned
that member engagement can be more
creative, more personalized, and suc-
cessful even without the privilege of
in-person meetings. Some of the rec-
ommendations from the first Strategy
2030 workshop for enhancing member
engagement include hosting our annual
membership meetings online, a policy
we have now adopted and will imple-
ment this coming year, and hosting webi-
nars to engage members, which we have
also started planning, with a fireside talk
webinar focused on “Oceanography and
Technology” about to be rolled out.
While some of the actions recom-
mended, and implemented, as a result of
the Strategy 2030 workshop are reason to
celebrate, my goal as president of TOS is
to pick up where Martin left off and com-
plete the TOS Strategy 2030, embracing
a use-inspired mission that benefits our
global society and the environment. I
look forward to the challenges ahead and
to working with the TOS Council, and I
especially hope I can lean on my prede-
cessors to help find the right path forward.
I am writing to you from the main lab
on one of our ocean class research ves-
sels, about to embark on an expedition to
explore the intersection of ocean acous-
tics and shelf break physical oceanogra-
phy, hopeful that this is the beginning of
the end of a painful year in which the pan-
demic has stifled the advance of observa-
tional ocean science. Yet, I am also heavy
hearted, knowing that for many interna-
tional members of our Society, the pan-
demic is still raging. I look forward to a
time when we can all engage equally in
this scientific endeavor.
Andone C. Lavery, TOS President
FROM THE PRESIDENT
Oceanography | Vol.34, No.1
TOS FELLOWS PROGRAM
TOS Fellows are individuals who have attained eminence in
oceanography through their outstanding contributions to
the field of oceanography or its applications during a sub-
stantial period of years.
WALTER MUNK MEDAL
The Walter Munk Medal is given biennially to an individ-
ual ocean scientist for extraordinary accomplishments and
novel insights in the area of physical oceanography, ocean
acoustics, or marine geophysics.
WALLACE S. BROECKER MEDAL
The Wallace S. Broecker Medal is given biennially to an indi-
vidual ocean scientist for extraordinary accomplishments
and novel insights in the areas of marine geoscience,
chemical oceanography, or paleoceanography.
MARY SEARS MEDAL
The Mary Sears Medal is given biennially to an individual
ocean scientist for extraordinary accomplishments and
novel insights in the areas of biological oceanography,
marine biology, or marine ecology.
NILS GUNNAR JERLOV AWARD
The Nils Gunnar Jerlov Award is given biennially to an indi-
vidual ocean scientist for having significantly advanced our
knowledge of how light interacts with the ocean.
THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY’S
HONORS PROGRAM
One of the most meaningful aspects of being a member of The Oceanography Society
(TOS) is the opportunity to recognize and celebrate our colleagues’ accomplishments.
Please take this opportunity to recognize a colleague for their exceptional achieve-
ments and contributions to the ocean sciences.
DON’T MISS THE
SEPTEMBER 30, 2021
NOMINATION DEADLINE!
tos.org/honors