Oceanography | Vol.34, No.1
The Oceanography Society was founded in 1988 to advance
oceanographic research, technology, and education, and
to disseminate knowledge of oceanography and its appli-
cation through research and education. TOS promotes
the broad understanding of oceanography, facilitates con-
sensus building across all the disciplines of the field, and
informs the public about ocean research, innovative tech-
nology, and educational opportunities throughout the spec-
trum of oceanographic inquiry.
OFFICERS
PRESIDENT: Andone Lavery
PRESIDENT-ELECT: Deborah Bronk
PAST-PRESIDENT: Martin Visbeck
SECRETARY: Allison Miller
TREASURER: Susan Banahan
COUNCILORS
AT-LARGE: Richard Crout
APPLIED TECHNOLOGY: Larry Mayer
BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Kim S. Bernard
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Galen McKinley
EARLY CAREER: Erin Satterthwaite
EDUCATION: Sara Harris
GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Amelia Shevenell
OCEAN DATA SCIENCE: Vicki Ferrini
OCEAN SCIENCE AND POLICY: Leopoldo C. Gerhardinger
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: LuAnne Thompson
STUDENT REPRESENTATIVE: Christina Hernández
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Jennifer Ramarui
CORPORATE AND INSTITUTIONAL
MEMBERS
Baker Donelson » bakerdonelson.com
Integral Consulting Inc. » integral-corp.com
Metocean Solutions » metocean.co.nz
National Oceanography Centre » noc.ac.uk
Science Media » sciencemedia.nl
Sea-Bird Scientific » seabird.com
Sequoia » sequoiasci.com
Submarine Cable Salvage » oceannetworks.com/
submarine-cable-salvage
Teledyne Rd Instruments » teledynemarine.com/rdi
US Arctic Research Commission » arctic.gov
tos.org
EDITOR
Ellen S. Kappel, Geosciences Professional Services Inc.
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Vicky Cullen
DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Johanna Adams
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Claudia Benitez-Nelson, University of South Carolina
Ian Brosnan, NASA Ames Research Center
Grace Chang, Integral Consulting Inc.
Margaret L. (Peggy) Delaney, University of California, Santa Cruz
Philip N. Froelich, Duke University
Charles H. Greene, Cornell University
William Smyth, Oregon State University
Kiyoshi Suyehiro, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC
Peter Wadhams, University of Cambridge
Oceanography contains peer-reviewed articles that chronicle
all aspects of ocean science and its applications. The journal
presents significant research, noteworthy achievements, excit-
ing new technology, and articles that address public policy and
education and how they are affected by science and technol-
ogy. The overall goal of Oceanography is cross- disciplinary
communication in the ocean sciences.
Oceanography
(ISSN 1042-8275) is published by The
Oceanography Society, 1 Research Court, Suite 450, Rockville,
MD 20850 USA. Oceanography articles are licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduc-
tion in any medium or format as long as users cite the mate-
rials appropriately, provide a link to the Creative Commons
license, and indicate the changes that were made to the orig-
inal content. Third-party material used in articles are included
in the Creative Commons license unless indicated otherwise in
a credit line to the material. If the material is not included in the
article’s Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain
permission directly from the license holder to reproduce the
material. Please contact Jennifer Ramarui at info@tos.org for
further information.
Oceanography
tos.org/oceanography
Oceanography | Vol.34, No.1