Oceanography | June 2020
Oceanography
THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY
VOL.33, NO.2, JUNE 2020
SPECIAL ISSUE ON
Paleoceanography
LESSONS FOR A CHANGING WORLD
Oceanography | Vol.33, No.2
Oceanography | June 2020
contents
VOL. 33, NO. 2, JUNE 2020
SPECIAL ISSUE ON PALEOCEANOGRAPHY:
LESSONS FOR A CHANGING WORLD
13
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE. Paleoceanography—
Lessons for a Changing World
By A. Shevenell, P. Delaney, K. Meissner, L. Menviel, and A.C. Mix
16
Time Machine Biology: Cross-Timescale Integration of Ecology, Evolution,
and Oceanography
By M. Yasuhara, H.-H.M. Huang, P. Hull, M.C. Rillo, F.L. Condamine, D.P. Tittensor,
M. Kučera, M.J. Costello, S. Finnegan, A. O’Dea, Y. Hong, T.C. Bonebrake,
N.R. McKenzie, H. Doi, C.-L. Wei, Y. Kubota, and E.E. Saupe
29
Sidebar | On Quantifying Stratigraphic, Chronologic, and Paleo Flux
Uncertainties in Paleoceanography
By A.C. Mix
32
Ancient Sea Level as Key to the Future
By K.G. Miller, W.J. Schmelz, J.V. Browning, R.E. Kopp, G.S. Mountain, and J.D. Wright
42
Sidebar | Boron Isotopes Provide Insights into Biomineralization,
Seawater pH, and Ancient Atmospheric CO2
By J.G.M. Crumpton-Banks and J.W.B. Rae
44
Linkages Between Dynamic Phytoplankton C:N:P and the Ocean Carbon
Cycle Under Climate Change
By K. Matsumoto, T. Tanioka, and R. Rickaby
53
Sidebar | Direct Measures of the Vigor of Ocean Circulation via Particle
Grain Size
By N. McCave
56
Regional Character of the “Global Monsoon”: Paleoclimate Insights from
Northwest Indian Lacustrine Sediments
By Y. Dixit
65
Sidebar | Illuminating the Past to See the Future of Western Boundary
Currents: Micropaleontological Investigations of the Kuroshio
Current Extension
By A.R. Lam, R.M. Leckie, and M.O. Patterson
68
Extending the Instrumental Record of Ocean-Atmosphere Variability into
the Last Interglacial Using Tropical Corals
By T. Felis
80
Reconstruction of Ocean Circulation Based on Neodymium
Isotopic Composition: Potential Limitations and Application to the
Mid-Pleistocene Transition
By K. Tachikawa, W. Rapuc, Q. Dubois-Dauphin, A. Guihou, and C. Skonieczny
16
80
32
56
Oceanography | June 2020
Oceanography | Vol.33, No.2
88
Sidebar | Amundsen Sea Coastal Ice Rises: Future Sites for Marine-
Focused Ice Core Records
By P. Neff
90
The Antarctic Ice Sheet: A Paleoclimate Modeling Perspective
By E.G.W. Gasson and B.A. Keisling
101 Sidebar | The Mid-Pleistocene Enigma
By H.L. Ford and T.B. Chalk
104 Archaeal Membrane Lipid-Based Paleothermometry for Applications in
Polar Oceans
By S. Fietz, S.L. Ho, and C. Huguet
115 Sidebar | Diatoms as Sea Ice Proxies
By A. Leventer
116 The Potential of Sedimentary Ancient DNA to Reconstruct Past Ocean
Ecosystems
By L.H. Armbrecht
124 Sidebar | A Memory of Ice: The Antarctic Voyage of the Glomar
Challenger
Reviewed by P.N. Webb and P.J. Barrett
REGULAR ISSUE FEATURES
126 The Origins of Oceanography in France: The Scientific Expeditions of
Travailleur and Talisman (1880–1883)
By J.R. Dolan
134 How Do Advisor Assessments of Diverse Undergraduate Researchers
Compare with the Students’ Self-Assessments? And What Does This
Imply for How We Train and Assess Students?
By B.C. Bruno, C. Heu, and G. Weyenberg
144 Deep Ocean Passive Acoustic Technologies for Exploration of Ocean and
Surface Sea Worlds in the Outer Solar System
By R. Dziak, D. Banfield, R. Lorenz, H. Matsumoto, H. Klinck, R. Dissly, C. Meinig,
and B. Kahn
DEPARTMENTS
05
QUARTERDECK. Oceanography During the COVID-19 Pandemic
By E.S. Kappel
06
FROM THE PRESIDENT. Ocean Science During the Corona Virus
Pandemic: Challenges and Opportunities
By M. Visbeck
08
COMMENTARY. Strategies for Running a Successful Virtual Career Panel
By J. Barr, C. Bean, and J. McDonnell
10
RIPPLE MARKS. Good News Fish Story
By C.L. Dybas
156 DIY OCEANOGRAPHY. The Pressure of In Situ Gases Instrument (PIGI) for
Autonomous Shipboard Measurement of Dissolved O2 and N2 in Surface
Ocean Waters
By R.W. Izett and P.D. Tortell
163 THE OCEANOGRAPHY CLASSROOM. Project EDDIE: Using Real Data in
Ocean Science Classrooms
By D. Soule
165 CAREER PROFILES. Stephanie Wear, Senior Scientist and Strategy
Advisor, Global Science, The Nature Conservancy • Kim I. Martini,
Senior Oceanographer, Sea-Bird Scientific
168 TRIBUTE. A Tribute to Thomas B. Sanford (1940–2020)
By E. Kunze and R.-C. Lien
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SPECIAL ISSUE SPONSOR
Production of this issue of Oceanography was
supported by National Science Foundation grant
OCE-1912795.
SPECIAL ISSUE GUEST EDITORS
Amelia Shevenell, University of South Florida
Peggy Delaney, UC Santa Cruz
Katrin Meissner, University of New South Wales
Laurie Menviel, University of New South Wales
Alan Mix, Oregon State University
DIY OCEANOGRAPHY
GUEST EDITORS
Melissa Omand, University of Rhode Island
Emmanuel Boss, University of Maine
ON THE COVER
A split core set for examination in the D/V JOIDES
Resolution core laboratory during International
Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition
354: Neogene and Late Paleogene Record of
Himalayan Orogeny and Climate: A Transect
Across the Middle Bengal Fan. Photo credit:
Petra Dekens and IODP
Oceanography | Vol.33, No.2
Oceanography | June 2020
EDITOR
Ellen S. Kappel
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Oceanography
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Oceanography | June 2020
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Oceanography | June 2020
More than a few years ago, while juggling her young children and her
career, Carole King sang, “my baby’s in one hand, I’ve a pen in the other.”
Scientists who have been forced by the COVID-19 pandemic to abandon
laboratories and classrooms to work and teach from home would surely
nod in agreement, even if they might tweak the lyric to substitute a key-
board for a pen.
During the pandemic, Oceanography has largely been able to continue
operations as usual. The magazine was decades ahead of its time in adopt-
ing concepts such as “home office” and “distributed workforce”—before
those terms even existed—so unlike other enterprises, we didn’t need
to adjust to working remotely. The commitment of June issue authors,
reviewers, and guest editors, despite the great disruptions to their lives
since March, has allowed us to continue publishing, although on a delayed
schedule. Oceanography has compensated for the delay by putting all of
the special issue articles on its website as early releases as they were com-
pleted rather than waiting for full publication of the special issue. This
policy will continue indefinitely.
While the most visible short-term consequence for Oceanography has
been publication delays for special issues that were already in the works,
behind the scenes, the development of future special issues is at risk.
In-person conferences, workshops, and meetings—the venues where
special issues are often conceived and launched—are being canceled,
postponed, or conducted virtually. As a result, over the next year or two
at least, it is possible that we will publish fewer special issues based on
specific scientific themes or programs, the foundation of the magazine.
Shortened and/or delayed field seasons may also have an impact on the
timing of some potential future special issues. The long-term impact for
Oceanography of publishing fewer special issues is not yet clear.
The news isn’t all bad. There has been a healthy uptick in the number of
unsolicited manuscripts submitted to our regular issue feature and com-
mentaries sections. Right now, we are particularly interested in sharing
in Oceanography successful strategies for virtual classroom teaching and
laboratory activities (in the broadest sense) and for conducting virtual
workshops and meetings. Please consider submitting a short article to us
(author guidelines at https://tos.org/oceanography/guidelines).
I wish everyone good health in these challenging times.
Ellen S. Kappel, Editor
QUARTERDECK
Oceanography During the
COVID-19 Pandemic
Do you have an idea for a special
issue of Oceanography? Please send
your suggestions to Editor Ellen Kappel
at ekappel@geo-prose.com.
CALL FOR IDEAS!
Marine Biodiversity
Observation Network:
An Observing System for
Life in the Sea
Understanding the Effects
of Offshore Wind Energy
Development on Fisheries
GoMRI:
Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
& Ecosystem Science
2010–2020
https://tos.org/oceanography
UPCOMING
SPECIAL ISSUES
Oceanography
Oceanography | Vol.33, No.2
FROM THE PRESIDENT
Ocean Science During the Corona Virus Pandemic
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
At the beginning of 2020, the World Health Organization
announced the outbreak of a new corona virus—SARS-Cov-2—
in China. At the time, public health experts issued warnings
about the possibility of global pandemic and that the virus
that caused the human disease COVID-19 can lead to serious
health issues. It was not clear then if the virus outbreak could
be contained and remain a regional challenge as similar virus
outbreaks during the last decade have suggested. The oceano-
graphic community did not take much note or prepare itself. In
late January, I attended the annual meeting of the Partnership
for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO) in Qingdao,
China. Many of us left there worried about the local virus situ-
ation in China, but not really considering that we all would be
in the middle of it six months later. In early February, the three
societies that organize the Ocean Sciences Meeting decided to
waive the registration fees for attendees from China because the
SARS-Cov-2 outbreak was considered a hardship on the partic-
ipants. However, no measures were taken at the Ocean Sciences
Meeting in San Diego to prevent the potential spreading of
the virus. Today, we know that the virus was already spread-
ing throughout the US West Coast by then. No reports of virus
spreading at the Ocean Sciences Meeting in San Diego reached
the organizers. We might have just gotten lucky.
In March, the situation changed rapidly in the Western world.
While Asian countries applied their lessons learned during pre-
vious virus outbreaks, Europe and North America seemed less
concerned and not well prepared. By mid-March, drastic mea-
sures such as travel bans and social distancing were imple-
mented. Almost all ocean science was taken “online” and moved
to “work from home” operations. Many oceanographic labora-
tories were closed to visitors, and only essential services were
retained. Research vessels around the globe could not exchange
crews in foreign ports, and most were called back to their home
country base. Dramatic situations emerged, and personal hard-
ships for those at sea and in the field emerged. People spent pro-
longed times at sea, and return travel options remained uncer-
tain for those far away from home.
With severe restrictions on international travel and stringent
health safety measures implemented for seagoing operations, it
seemed the tide had turned in favor of robotic systems explor-
ing the ocean. At the end of April, the Global Ocean Observing
System (GOOS) community launched a survey on the impacts
of the corona pandemic on the global ocean observing system
(Heslop et al., 2020). It became clear that most of the robotic sys-
tems used in ocean science need human support from research
vessels for deployment and/or servicing equipment. The GOOS
survey revealed significant system shortfalls, and further impact
is expected as the pandemic prevails. “Despite its significant
impacts on the ocean observing system, the COVID-19 crisis
can also be an opportunity for us to look at how to build greater
resilience into the system,” argues Toste Tanhua from GEOMAR,
Co-Chair of the Global Ocean Observing System. “The impacts
of Covid-19 have brought to light the inter-reliance of systems
and some clear weak points that we can now work on to increase
system efficiency and robustness.”
More recently, epidemiologists and public health experts are
suggesting that the corona virus pandemic will be around for
quite some time and may only be curtailed by a successful vac-
cine not yet on the horizon. Thus, complex ocean field cam-
paigns have been delayed for at least one year because crew
exchanges in foreign ports are essentially impossible. Moreover,
health concerns on research vessels, especially from exchanging
scientists, have resulted in scaled back operations. Germany, for
example, called all its ocean-going research vessels back home
in March, then almost immediately permitted operations with
reduced science crews. Single cabin occupancy and quarantine
and virus testing upfront are now their standard procedure. For
the time being, all expeditions have to start and end in Germany.
Similar arrangements are reported for some other countries,
but many have canceled all large seagoing expeditions with an
unknown restart date. Long-distance operations to the South
Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans have been postponed, and
the Antarctic field season has been canceled by most nations.
Despite many hardships and setbacks, there are some note-
worthy developments and opportunities. First, addressing the
global corona virus pandemic requires global cooperation. The
same is true for addressing the downturn of “ocean health” and
dealing with climate change or the loss of species and biodiver-
sity. The need to work together is apparent and hopefully brings
back more global sharing and collaboration. Second, by neces-
sity, we have to conduct most of our teaching virtually. In-person
meetings and science conferences have been postponed or recon-
figured to online formats. In principle, these changes should spur
more equitable and inclusive participation around the globe,
reduce scientific travel, and lead to a reevaluation of the way in
which we, as scientists, communicate, collaborate, and engage.
Oceanography | June 2020
These challenging times provide a welcome opportunity for
reflection. We are rapidly learning new formats to strengthen and
even accelerate global engagement in ocean sciences. However,
not all sectors of the ocean science community have the same
level of access, abilities, choices, and resilience. Those with stable
job situations can weather a pandemic more easily than those
on short-term contracts. Those who live in parts of the world
where the ability to cope with the pandemic is limited, there is
no reliable Internet access, and resources are already scarce for
conducting ocean science research are seeing their possibilities
rapidly declining. A similar level of inequality is found within
the research communities. Those who rely on field- or lab-based
science are more affected by the pandemic than those who pri-
marily analyze existing data, do theoretical work, or use ocean
model simulations. Recent publications show that the pandemic
has disproportionately affected women and those from less-
privileged situations (e.g., Myers et al., 2020).
For The Oceanography Society, the pandemic has high-
lighted the need to reflect on our Society’s values. The cur-
rent, past, and future presidents recently reaffirmed the TOS
values (https://tos.org/diversity) and committed to ensure that
TOS increases its efforts to address issues such as toxic and
non-supportive work climates, the lack of role models, a lack of
a sense of belonging, and non-alignment of promotion and ten-
ure incentives with aspirations of women and underrepresented
minorities in the ocean sciences around the world. We are
about to launch a TOS Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion
Committee to develop actions. At the same time, we are evaluat-
ing our Society’s financial resilience and exploring new ways to
increase and diversify income streams. We welcome any sugges-
tions and opportunities you might want to bring to TOS.
Finally, we are looking forward to the launch of the UN
Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development with its
mission: “Transformative ocean science solutions for sustainable
development, connecting people and our ocean.” The future of
ocean sciences will be more collaborative, more international,
more digital, and more inclusive as we build back from the set-
back of the pandemic to become more resilient and sustainable.
Martin Visbeck, TOS President
REFERENCES
Heslop, E., A. Fischer, T. Tanhua, D. Legler, M. Belbeoch, M. Kramp, and
V. Lindoso. 2020. Covid-19’s impact on the ocean observing system and
our ability to forecast weather and predict climate change. Briefing note,
Global Ocean Observing System, Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission of UNESCO, June 29, 2020, https://www.goosocean.org/index.
php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=26920.
Myers, K.R., W.Y. Tham, Y. Yin, N. Cohodes, J.G. Thursby, M.C. Thursby, P. Schiffer,
J.T. Walsh, K.R. Lakhani, and D. Wang. 2020. Unequal effects of the COVID-19
pandemic on scientists. Nature Human Behaviour, https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41562-020-0921-y.
THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY’S
HONORS PROGRAM
One of the most meaningful aspects of being a
member of The Oceanography Society (TOS) is
the opportunity to recognize and celebrate our
colleagues’ accomplishments. Please take this
opportunity to recognize a colleague, mentor, team,
or peer for their exceptional achievements and
contributions to the ocean sciences.
DON’T MISS THE
NOVEMBER 15, 2020
NOMINATION DEADLINE FOR
TOS FELLOWS PROGRAM
Recognizing individuals who have attained
eminence in oceanography through their
outstanding contributions to the field of
oceanography or its applications
TOS EARLY CAREER AWARD
For having demonstrated extraordinary scientific
excellence and the potential to shape the future
of oceanography
TOS MENTORING AWARD
For excellence and/or innovation in mentoring
the next generation of ocean scientists
OCEAN OBSERVING TEAM AWARD
Recognizing teams for innovation and excellence
in sustained ocean observing for scientific and
practical applications
Oceanography | June 2020
Oceanography | Vol.33, No.2
STRATEGIES FOR RUNNING
A SUCCESSFUL VIRTUAL CAREER PANEL
By Janine Barr, Christine Bean, and Janice McDonnell
COMMENTARY
As part of an eight-week virtual Research
Experiences for Undergraduates (REU)
program, oceanographers and outreach
specialists at Rutgers, the State University
of New Jersey, conducted a Virtual Marine
Science Career Panel (Ocean Data Labs,
2020). Instead of canceling summer REU
programs across the United States (NSF,
2020b), the National Science Foundation
(NSF) supported and encouraged aca-
demic leadership to develop virtual pro-
gramming in keeping with each institu-
tion’s organizational policies concerning
the pandemic (NSF, 2020a). Here, we
highlight facilitation strategies for run-
ning a successful virtual career panel as
well as lessons learned that may serve as
inspiration for others working to create
similar virtual experiences in their own
REU programs and beyond.
FACILITATION STRATEGY:
USING ONLINE TOOLS AND
BUILDING MENTOR-MENTEE
RELATIONSHIPS VIRTUALLY
The Rutgers team invited six marine
science professionals from around the
United States to participate in the Virtual
Marine Science Career Panel. They rep-
resented careers from the education and
outreach, federal government, industry,
nonprofit, research, and state govern-
ment sectors. To maximize the time stu-
dents had to interact with each panelist in
the limited virtual environment, the one-
hour panel was structured differently
than a traditional career panel where
panelists summarize their work trajecto-
ries and then respond to questions. Here,
the Rutgers team adopted a structure that
matched small groups of students with
panelists to help make the virtual envi-
ronment as conversational as possible and
foster meaningful connections between
students and panelists. This structure was
implemented using the video breakout
room feature in Zoom Meetings available
through a paid Pro account.
To match students with panelists, the
Rutgers team asked each panelist to com-
plete a questionnaire prior to the virtual
event (see online supplemental materi-
als). The seven questions presented were
geared toward understanding the pan-
elists’ career paths and how their back-
grounds in marine science brought them
to their current positions. Students were
provided the completed questionnaires a
couple days in advance of the panel and
were asked to provide feedback to the
Rutgers team on their priorities regarding
whom they wished to speak with in the
small breakout sessions. Students submit-
ted their rankings through a short survey
created for free using Google Forms.
The panel itself began with the pan-
elists providing brief overviews of their
career disciplines. The panelists were
then placed in breakout rooms where
they each interacted with three different
groups of two to three students for peri-
ods of 13 minutes. With 15 participants,
each student got to interact with three
panelists (Figure 1). Once the three break-
out sessions had concluded, all the pan-
elists and students returned to the main
Zoom room for concluding remarks. For
additional details regarding the logistics
of the panel, please contact the authors.
KEY INGREDIENTS FOR THE
VIRTUAL MARINE SCIENCE
CAREER PANEL
The Rutgers team has identified three key
ingredients that helped make this Virtual
Marine Science Career Panel a success.
1. Recruiting panelists from a wide
geographic range. An advantage of
running a virtual career panel was that
the Rutgers team was able to invite
professionals who work in geograph-
ically distant locations (e.g., Houston,
Texas, and Washington, DC) and
ABOVE. Screenshots of students participating in the Rutgers virtual REU experience.