June 2025

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June 2025 | Oceanography

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This TFO-HYCOM project was funded by related Office of Naval Research (ONR)

grants to the different institutions involved: N00014-19-1-2712 to University of

Michigan, N00014-19-1-2717 to Florida State University, N00014-19-1-2704 to

University of Southern Mississippi, N00014-20-C-2018 to ARiA and Applied Ocean

Sciences LLC, and contract number N00014-22WX00941 to the Naval Research

Laboratory. We gratefully acknowledge ONR for support of our research and thank

the reviewers of this article for their helpful suggestions and insights.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

This manuscript highlights the research efforts by postdocs and early career

researchers on the TFO-HYCOM project. The team was guided by senior scien­

tist co-PIs at each institution. J. Summers served as lead principal investigator.

B. Arbic conceived the idea of a project and organized regular group meetings.

The team that focused on improving IGW modeling was composed of research­

ers from the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Florida State University (FSU),

University of Southern Mississippi (USM), and University of Michigan (U-M). The

NRL team provided 1/25º global HYCOM simulations. FSU researchers performed

1/50º North Atlantic basin simulations and idealized simulations. USM research­

ers examined IGW modes and KE transfer and provided MITgcm simulations along

the Mascarene Ridge, while U-M researchers examined the theory of IGW non­

linear energy transfer and dissipation in high-resolution regional MITgcm simula­

tions. Researchers from NRL and Applied Ocean Sciences assessed acoustics,

and researchers from Applied Research in Acoustics LLC applied deep learning

algorithms. Figures were contributed as follows: 3g–h, 5d–e, 6, and 7a (Schönau);

4 (Hiron); 7b–d (Ragland and Peria); 2a–b and 3a–f (Solano); 1 (Xu); 5a–c (Shriver

and Helber); 2c (Buijsman).

AUTHORS

Martha C. Schönau (mschonau@ucsd.edu), formerly at Applied Ocean Sciences

(AOS), now at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California

San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Luna Hiron, Center for Ocean-Atmospheric

Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. John Ragland,

Applied Research in Acoustics LLC (ARiA) and Department of Electrical

and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Keshav J. Raja, Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State

University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. Joseph Skitka, formerly in the Department of

Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,

now in the Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic

Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA. Miguel S. Solano, formerly in the School

of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi,

Hattiesburg, MS, USA, now at Sofar Ocean Technologies, San Francisco, CA,

USA. Xiaobiao Xu, Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida

State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. Brian K. Arbic, Department of Earth

and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Maarten C. Buijsman, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University

of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA. Eric P. Chassignet, Center for

Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee,

FL, USA. Emanuel Coelho, AOS, Arlington, VA, USA. Robert W. Helber, Naval

Research Laboratory, Ocean Dynamics and Prediction, Stennis Space Center,

MS, USA. William Peria, ARiA, Seattle, WA, USA. Jay F. Shriver, Naval Research

Laboratory, Ocean Dynamics and Prediction, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA.

Jason E. Summers, ARiA, Seattle, WA, USA. Kathryn L. Verlinden, AOS, Portland,

OR, USA. Alan J. Wallcraft, Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies,

Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.

ARTICLE CITATION

Schönau, M.C., L. Hiron, J. Ragland, K.J. Raja, J. Skitka, M.S. Solano, X. Xu,

B.K. Arbic, M.C. Buijsman, E.P. Chassignet, E. Coelho, R.W. Helber, W. Peria,

J.F. Shriver, J.E. Summers, K.L. Verlinden, and A.J. Wallcraft. 2025. How do tides

affect underwater acoustic propagation? A collaborative approach to improve

internal wave modeling at basin to global scales. Oceanography 38(2):24–35,

https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2025.308.

COPYRIGHT & USAGE

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