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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This TFO-HYCOM project was funded by related Office of Naval Research (ONR)
grants to the different institutions involved: N00014-19-1-2712 to University of
Michigan, N00014-19-1-2717 to Florida State University, N00014-19-1-2704 to
University of Southern Mississippi, N00014-20-C-2018 to ARiA and Applied Ocean
Sciences LLC, and contract number N00014-22WX00941 to the Naval Research
Laboratory. We gratefully acknowledge ONR for support of our research and thank
the reviewers of this article for their helpful suggestions and insights.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
This manuscript highlights the research efforts by postdocs and early career
researchers on the TFO-HYCOM project. The team was guided by senior scien
tist co-PIs at each institution. J. Summers served as lead principal investigator.
B. Arbic conceived the idea of a project and organized regular group meetings.
The team that focused on improving IGW modeling was composed of research
ers from the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Florida State University (FSU),
University of Southern Mississippi (USM), and University of Michigan (U-M). The
NRL team provided 1/25º global HYCOM simulations. FSU researchers performed
1/50º North Atlantic basin simulations and idealized simulations. USM research
ers examined IGW modes and KE transfer and provided MITgcm simulations along
the Mascarene Ridge, while U-M researchers examined the theory of IGW non
linear energy transfer and dissipation in high-resolution regional MITgcm simula
tions. Researchers from NRL and Applied Ocean Sciences assessed acoustics,
and researchers from Applied Research in Acoustics LLC applied deep learning
algorithms. Figures were contributed as follows: 3g–h, 5d–e, 6, and 7a (Schönau);
4 (Hiron); 7b–d (Ragland and Peria); 2a–b and 3a–f (Solano); 1 (Xu); 5a–c (Shriver
and Helber); 2c (Buijsman).
AUTHORS
Martha C. Schönau (mschonau@ucsd.edu), formerly at Applied Ocean Sciences
(AOS), now at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Luna Hiron, Center for Ocean-Atmospheric
Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. John Ragland,
Applied Research in Acoustics LLC (ARiA) and Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Keshav J. Raja, Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. Joseph Skitka, formerly in the Department of
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,
now in the Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA. Miguel S. Solano, formerly in the School
of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, MS, USA, now at Sofar Ocean Technologies, San Francisco, CA,
USA. Xiaobiao Xu, Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. Brian K. Arbic, Department of Earth
and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Maarten C. Buijsman, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University
of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA. Eric P. Chassignet, Center for
Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee,
FL, USA. Emanuel Coelho, AOS, Arlington, VA, USA. Robert W. Helber, Naval
Research Laboratory, Ocean Dynamics and Prediction, Stennis Space Center,
MS, USA. William Peria, ARiA, Seattle, WA, USA. Jay F. Shriver, Naval Research
Laboratory, Ocean Dynamics and Prediction, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA.
Jason E. Summers, ARiA, Seattle, WA, USA. Kathryn L. Verlinden, AOS, Portland,
OR, USA. Alan J. Wallcraft, Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies,
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
ARTICLE CITATION
Schönau, M.C., L. Hiron, J. Ragland, K.J. Raja, J. Skitka, M.S. Solano, X. Xu,
B.K. Arbic, M.C. Buijsman, E.P. Chassignet, E. Coelho, R.W. Helber, W. Peria,
J.F. Shriver, J.E. Summers, K.L. Verlinden, and A.J. Wallcraft. 2025. How do tides
affect underwater acoustic propagation? A collaborative approach to improve
internal wave modeling at basin to global scales. Oceanography 38(2):24–35,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2025.308.
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