April 2025

2025 Oceanography Supplement Frontiers in Ocean Observing: Marine Protected Areas, Western Boundary Currents, and the Deep Sea

WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON SHELF SEAS

47 Advancing Observations of Western Boundary Currents: Integrating Novel Technologies for a Coordinated

Monitoring Approach

By M. Roughan, J. Li, and T. Morris

54 Monitoring Impacts of the Gulf Stream and its Rings on the Physics, Chemistry, and Biology of the

Middle Atlantic Bight Shelf and Slope from CMV Oleander

By M. Andres, T. Rossby, E. Firing, C. Flagg, N.R. Bates, J. Hummon, D. Pierrot, T.J. Noyes, M.P. Enright, J.K. O’Brien,

R. Hudak, S. Dong, D.C. Melrose, D.G. Johns, and L. Gregory

61 Twenty Years Monitoring the Brazil Current Along the NOAA AX97 High-Density XBT Transect

By T.P. Ferreira, P. Marangoni G.M.P., M. Cirano, A.M. Paiva, S.B.O. Cruz, P.P. Freitas, M. Goes, and M.M. Mata

67 Fishing for Ocean Data in the East Australian Current

By V. Lago, M. Roughan, C. Kerry, and I. Knuckey

72 Coordinated Observing and Modeling of the West Florida Shelf with Harmful Algal Bloom Application

By R.H. Weisberg and Y. Liu

TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR AN ACCESSIBLE DEEP OCEAN

76 Unraveling Major Questions in Micronekton Ecology and Their Role in the Biological Carbon Pump Through

Integrative Approaches and Autonomous Monitoring

By P. Annasawmy, G. Chandelier, and T. Le Mézo

82 Real-Time Data Connectivity to Deep Autonomous Seafloor Instrumentation in Adverse Flow Conditions

By C. Ewert, R. Heux, N. Howins, M. Lankhorst, G. Manta, and U. Send

86 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Sonar: A New Tool for Seafloor Characterization

By J.W. Jamieson, C. Gini, C. Brown, and K. Robert

89 The Potential of Low-Tech Tools and Artificial Intelligence for Monitoring Blue Carbon in Greenland’s

Deep Sea

By N. Bax, J. Halpin, S. Long, C. Yesson, J. Marlow, and N. Zwerschke

92 Atlantic arc Lander Monitoring (ALaMo): An Emerging Network of Low-Cost Lander Arrays for

Ocean Bottom Observations

By C. González-Pola, C. Cusack, I. Robles-Urquijo, R. Graña, L. Rodriguez-Cobo, R.F. Sánchez-Leal, G. Nolan,

and A.M. Piecho-Santos

96 Videomodule Towed System: Acquisition and Analysis of Video Imaging Data for Benthic Surveys

By I. Anisimov, A. Lesin, V. Muravya, A. Zalota, and M. Zalota

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