March 2025 | Oceanography
Oceanography
THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY
VOL. 38, NO. 1, MARCH 2025
A VISION FOR CAPACITY SHARING
IN THE OCEAN SCIENCES
March 2025 | Oceanography
contents VOL. 38, NO. 1, MARCH 2025
SPECIAL ISSUE ON
A VISION FOR CAPACITY SHARING IN THE OCEAN SCIENCES
6 Introduction to the Special Issue
By E.S. Kappel, B.K. Arbic, J. Diwa-Acallar, N. Moity, J. Muelbert, F. Muller-Karger, O.A Nubi, D. Rueda-Roa, and A. Tan Shau Hwai
9 Toward Efective Capacity Sharing for the Ocean Sciences: Opportunities for Collaboration with UNESCO/IOC’s Capacity
Development Programme
By J. Diwa-Acallar, A.C. Azevedo Mazzuco, G. Reed, and P. Pissierssens
14 Developing Capacity for Ocean Science Through Visiting Fellowships
By S. Seeyave, L.A. Krug, E. Urban Jr., F.A. Beckman, S. Sathyendranath, and E. Twigg
20 All Aboard! Providing Shipboard Technical Skills While Building Capacity in Ocean Observations
By L.A. Krug, F. Beckman, A.P. Rees, A. Dummermuth, C. Stymiest, E.-M. Brodte, K.H. Wiltshire, P. Croot, and S. Seeyave
26 SPOTLIGHT. Impact and Insights from the NF–POGO Centre of Excellence in Observational Oceanography:
A Trainee Perspective
By S. Krieger, K. Nimit, S. Sarker, W.E. Panassa, and L.A. Krug
29 SPOTLIGHT. Enhancing Global Ocean Science Networks: The Impact of SCOR’s Travel Grant Initiative
By E. Twigg, P. Miloslavich, E.R. Urban Jr., and R. Zitoun
31 Thriving Through Synergy: Fostering a SOLAS Science Community Built on Equity, International Connections, and
the Integration of Early Career Scientists
By J. Dinasquet, D.S. Hamilton, I.M. Leyba, J. Llort, T. Marshall, R.R. de Oliveira, M.M.G. Perron, L. Tinel, V. Garçon, C. Marandino,
N. Steiner, D. Wallace, and L. Li
36 SPOTLIGHT. The Ocean Foundation’s Ocean Science Equity Initiative: An Example of a Comprehensive, Intentionally
Co-Designed Capacity Development Efort
By A. Valauri-Orton, B.K. Arbic, M.C. Ford, K. Lowder, E. Mahu, C. Park, K. Soapi, and A. Tan Shau Hwai
38 SPOTLIGHT. Strengthening Ocean Science Capacity: Insights from the West Africa Marine Science Symposium
By E. Mahu, J. Luthringer, A.K. Ankrah, and K. Koranteng
40 The Coastal Ocean Environment Summer School In Nigeria and Ghana: The Value of Long-Term, Sustained Capacity Sharing
By B.K. Arbic, J. Adjetey, A. Agyekumhene, M.F. Akinwunmi, L.G. Akita, L. Anderson, J.K. Ansong, K.A. Addo, E.K. Asamoah,
O.O. Awe, C. Buckingham, J. Collier, A.J. Cotel, R. Damoah, O.W. Elegbeleye, R. Farneti, M. Foster-Martinez, C. Frank,
S. Howden, R.T. Idowu, W.M. Johnson, D. Kaiser, P. Knoop, A.M. Lamptey, A. Lawal-Are, A.J. Lucas, E. Mahu, P. Martin,
D. Menemenlis, O.A. Nubi, E.S. Nyadjro, E. Nyarko, N. Oguguah, A. Oikonomou, M. Oladipo, T. Osborne, R.K. Quarcoo,
D.T. Quaye, A.O. Saba, A.C. Simon, T.O. Sogbanmu, S. Tsei, and G. Vagenas
46 SPOTLIGHT. The International Master’s Program in Oceanography and Applications in Benin
By G. Alory, E. Baloïtcha, I. Dadou, C. Da-Allada, Y. Morel, F. Bonou, S. Djakouré, N. Hall, Y. DuPenhoat, N. Hounkonnou,
B. Bourlès, and A. Chaigneau
49 20 Years of Partnership in Marine Sciences Between Cabo Verde and Germany: From Ideas, Opportunities, and Observations
to Long-Term and Sustained Capacity Sharing
By B. Fiedler, I. Monteiro, C. Almeida, C. Zenk, P. Silva, J. Karstensen, E. Rodrigues, N. Vieira, A. Pinto-Almeida, E. Lima, T. Hahn,
D. Koné, Y. Rodrigues, and A. Körtzinger
54 Building Ocean Science Capacity in Africa: Impacts and Challenges
By A.O. Saba, I.O. Elegbede, J.K. Ansong, V.O. Eyo, P.E. Akpan, T.O. Sogbanmu, M.F. Akinwunmi, N. Merolyne, A.H. Mohamed,
O.A. Nubi, and A.O. Lawal-Are
Oceanography | Vol. 38, No. 1
ON THE COVER
Participants from Nigeria, Ghana, and Uganda on an
August 2023 sediment coring field trip to Winneba,
Ghana, during the Coastal Ocean Environment
Summer School In Nigeria and Ghana (COESSING).
Photo credit: COESSING
SPECIAL ISSUE SPONSOR
Support for production of this special issue was
provided by the US National Science Foundation,
Ofce of Naval Research, National Oceanic and
Atmopsheric Adminstration, and the Scientific
Committee on Oceanic Research.
SPECIAL ISSUE GUEST EDITORS
• Brian Arbic, University of Michigan
• Frank Muller-Karger, University of South Florida
• Johanna Diwa-Acallar, Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
• Nicolas Moity, Charles Darwin Foundation for the
Galápagos islands and University of New Hampshire
• José Muelbert, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
• Nubi Olubunmi Ayoola, Nigerian Institute for
Oceanography & Marine Research
• Digna Rueda Roa, University of South Florida
• Aileen Tan Shau Hwai, Universiti Sains Malaysia
CONTACT US
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Digital versions of articles will be updated.
59 Harnessing Marine Open Data Science for Ocean Sustainability in Africa, South Asia, and Latin America
By P.E. Martin, E. Eli Holmes, E. Mayorga, J.K. Ansong, U. Bhaskar, J. Cornejo-Donoso, D. Correa-Chilón, R. Damoah,
D. Fierro-Arcos, L. Gómez-Navarro, N. Kumar, A. Lawal-Are, S. Maity, S. Majumder, D. Menemenlis, A. Modi, E. Nyadjro,
O. Oghenechovwen, A. Oikonomou, M. Oladipo, M. Peña, D.T. Quaye, Y. Santana-Falcón, BR Smitha, C. Troupin, G. Vagenas,
H. Villalobos, and G.L. Wagner
67 SPOTLIGHT. Using Digital Twins of the Ocean to Build Capacity in the Wider Caribbean Region
By A.L. Hochberg, L. Inniss, J. Akrofi, K. Blake-Smithen, D.A. Farrell, M. Gonçalves, and R. Juman
69 SPOTLIGHT. Enhancing Fisheries Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Participatory Processes and
Cross-Disciplinary Strategies in Research
By K.A. Fakoya, A.O. Saba, A. Oloko, S.L. Akintola, K.O. Ajelara, A. Abiodun-Solanke, M.A. Olasope, and I.O. Olabamiji
71 Building and Sharing Ocean Sciences Capacity Through Project-Based Learning
By E.S. Nyadjro, A. Oikonomou, A.O. Saba, E. Mahu, G. Vagenas, J.K. Ansong, P.E. Martin, A. Agyekumhene, E.K. Asamoah,
R.K. Quarcoo, J. Collier, and L.G. Akita
75 SPOTLIGHT. Lessons Learned in Public Sector Capacity Building to Tackle Marine Litter
By E.V.S. Menck, C.I. Ellif, I.R.B. Carvalho, L. Barbosa, M.M. Andrade, N.M. Grilli, V.M. Scrich, and A. Turra
77 SPOTLIGHT. Unleashing Potential: Collaborative Research as a Catalyst for Capacity Building and Enhancement
By W.N.A. Sowah, P.-N.M. Jayson-Quashigah, D.Y. Atiglo, S. Van Der Plank, V. Dominguez Almela, R. Anderson, J. Dash,
E. Tompkins, and K.A. Addo
79 SPOTLIGHT. Developing Capacity for Transdisciplinary Studies of Changing Ocean Systems
By P.E. Renaud, A. Belgrano, S. Dupont, P.W. Boyd, S. Collins, T. Blenckner, M. Drexler, J.M. Hall-Spencer, C. Robinson,
C.T. Weber, and C.A. Vargas
81 SPOTLIGHT. Deep Ocean Early-Career Researchers Dive into Data Management Training
By S.E. Beaulieu, L.M. Smith, and K. Stocks
83 SPOTLIGHT. Artificial Intelligence Literacy for Ocean Professionals is Needed for a Sustainable Future
By E. Satterthwaite and M. Robbins
Oceanography | Vol. 38, No. 1
March 2025 | Oceanography
85 SPOTLIGHT. Capacity Building with Volunteers: Divers and Boaters Collect Data on Southern California Bight
By C. Gelpi, D. Kushner, A. Solomon, and S. Eckley
87 SPOTLIGHT. Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Development to Promote Early Career Ocean Professionals in Small Island
Developing States: The SmartNet Approach
By S. Chiba, K. Jhugroo, S.J. Bograd, J.O. Schmidt, J.M. Jackson, H. Lachance, M. Makino, A.M. Piecho-Santos, H. Saito,
E.V. Satterthwaite, and N. Correia Sena
89 SPOTLIGHT. Critical Connections: Transdisciplinary Capacity and Youth Engagement for Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries
and Coastal Communities
By E. Koch and R. Chuenpagdee
91 SPOTLIGHT. Backyard Buoys: Meeting Needs of Coastal, Indigenous Communities Through Co-Design and Co-Production
By J. Newton, S. Wisdom, M. Iwamoto, R. Carini, J. Watson, S. Boulay, D. Mactavish, J. Hagen, J. Schumacker, D. Rudolph,
D. deBrum-Kattil, P. Tuaua, E. Brown, S. Burch, J. Hopson Jr., and J. Evans
94 SPOTLIGHT. Underwater Acoustics for All: Expanding Capacity with Education and Low-Cost Sensors
By K.J. Vigness-Raposa, L.J. Van Ufelen, M.O. Oladipo, E.K. Asamoah, A.O. Saba, N.M. Oguguah, A.O. Lawal-Are,
and K.M. Becker
96 SPOTLIGHT. Perspectives from Developers and Users of the GOA-ON in a Box Kit: A Model for Capacity Sharing in
Ocean Sciences
By A. Valauri-Orton, K.B. Lowder, K. Currie, C.L. Sabine, A.G. Dickson, S.N. Chu, A. Acosta, F.E. Asuquo, R. Bermudez,
U.J.F. Bilounga, K. Boodhoo, B.O. Botwe, C. Chapa-Balcorta, D. Cossa, A. De Cian, A. De Ramon N’Yeurt, C. Edworthy,
L. Epherra, C.M. Ferrera, L. Havimana, Y.A. Imrit, K.K. Kotra, E. Mahu, Y. Neehaul, A. Pickering, R.T. Ramessur, K. Soapi,
Z. Sohou, M. Tabius, and M. Vuiyasawa
99 SPOTLIGHT. Ocean Acidification Capacity Is Needed at All Levels to Develop a Multistakeholder Ocean Acidification
Action Platform
By J. Newton, S. Widdicombe, K. Isensee, S. Dupont, S. Flickinger, K. Grabb, E.F. Keister, K. Schoo, A. Kenworthy,
and A. Valauri-Orton
101 SPOTLIGHT. Capacity Building and Connecting Practitioners Through the Global Mangrove Alliance
By L. Veverka, E. Forinash, E. Roddom, A. Susanto Astra, B. Christ, M.C. Díazgranados, J. Howard, E. Landis, P. Jacobo,
H. Pickard, M. Spalding, and M. Leal
103 SPOTLIGHT. The Marine Biodiversity Observation Network Pole to Pole of the Americas: Building a Community of Practice
for Detecting Rapid Changes in Coastal Biodiversity
By N. Moity, G. Bigatti, F. Muller-Karger, and E. Monte
106 SPOTLIGHT. Boosting the South: A Vision for an All-Atlantic Training Platform
By W. Ekau, H. Fock, J. Muelbert, and J. Augustyn
109 SPOTLIGHT. Technical Cooperation Programme to Build Countries’ Capacities for Science-Based Sustainable Marine
Management
By M. Metian, J. Friedrich, P. Masque, S. Dupont, M. Zapata, M. Warnau, and C.M. Alonso-Hernandez
111 SPOTLIGHT. The IAEA Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre Capacity Building Program: Empowering
Member States to Address and Minimize the Impacts of Ocean Acidification
By S. Dupont, C. Edworthy, C. Sánchez-Noguera, M. Metian, J. Friedrich, S. Flickinger, A. Bantelman, C. Galdino, F. Graba,
O. Anghelici, and L. Hansson
114 SPOTLIGHT. Measuring the Success of Ocean Capacity Initiatives
By M. Guilhon, M. Vierros, H. Harden-Davies, D. Amon, S. Cambronero-Solano, C. Gaebel, K. Hassanali, V. Lopes, A. McCarthy,
A. Polejack, G. Sant, J.S. Veiga, A. Sekinairai, and S. Talma
116 Autobiographical Sketches
DEPARTMENTS
5 QUARTERDECK • Women in Oceanography: One More Time?
By E.S. Kappel
Oceanography | Vol. 38, No. 1
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Oceanography | Vol. 38, No. 1
March 2025 | Oceanography
Over the last year, I’ve received several inquiries about whether
Oceanography is planning to publish a third special issue on Women in
Oceanography. Te questions clearly arose because last year—2024—
was the tenth anniversary of the second Women in Oceanography vol-
ume (published as a supplement to the main journal; https://tos.org/
oceanography/issue/volume-27-issue-04-supplement). Te frst special
issue on this topic was published in 2005 (https://tos.org/oceanography/
issue/volume-18-issue-01). Both special issues included peer reviewed
articles covering various aspects of gender equity in oceanography as
well as hundreds of one-page autobiographical sketches contributed by
women oceanographers. Some sketches in the second publication were
updates of the original sketches contributed a decade earlier. One group
of women oceanographers who inquired about a third special issue com-
mented that “a bit to our surprise, we keep being asked about the [2014
Women in Oceanography] supplement. Even though the document is a
decade ‘old,’ there seems to be a continuous interest in it.”
Te question I pose to members of Te Oceanography Society and col-
leagues: should Oceanography consider a third special issue on Women
in Oceanography and, if so, what should it look like? Much interest
remains in the publishing of autobiographical sketches of women ocean-
ographers, as they are a source of inspiration to all. Might we focus on
women at various career stages and learn more about their trials and tri-
umphs at each stage? What has changed in two decades and what needs
to change (see also a review by Legg et al., 2023).
Please send me your ideas and any other thoughts you may have
on a possible third edition of Women in Oceanography. My email is
ekappel@geo-prose.com.
REFERENCE
Legg, S., C. Wang, E. Kappel, and L. Thompson. 2023. Gender equity in oceanography. Annual
Review of Marine Science 15:15–39, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032322-100357.
QUARTERDECK
Women in Oceanography:
One More Time?
Ellen S. Kappel, Editor
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Oceanography | Vol. 38, No. 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON
A VISION FOR CAPACITY SHARING
IN THE OCEAN SCIENCES
By Ellen S. Kappel, Brian K. Arbic, Johanna Diwa-Acallar, Nicolas Moity, José Muelbert, Frank Muller-Karger,
Nubi Olubunmi Ayoola, Digna Rueda-Roa, and Aileen Tan Shau Hwai
International scientifc capacity build-
ing eforts form the foundation for global
sustainable solutions to social, economic,
and environmental challenges (Harden-
Davies et al., 2022; Miloslavich et al.,
2022). Te following description appears
in a 2008 report from the National
Research Council:
Capacity-building
describes
programs
designed to strengthen the knowledge, abil-
ities, relationships, and values that enable
organizations, groups, and individuals
to reach their goals for sustainable use of
ocean and coastal resources. It includes
strengthening the institutions, processes,
systems, and rules that infuence collective
and individual behavior and performance
in all related endeavors. Capacity-building
also enhances people’s ability to make
informed choices and fosters their willing-
ness to play new developmental roles and
adapt to new challenges. Capacity is about
more than potential; it harnesses potential
through robust programs to make progress
in addressing societal needs and is funda-
mental to fostering environmental stew-
ardship and improving the management of
ocean and coastal areas and resources.
Capacity
building
eforts
require
co-design and coordination for efec-
tive monitoring, modeling, and applica-
tions at local scales in a way that allows
synthesis of information to address
global- scale issues (e.g., Bax et al., 2018).
Yet, the resources needed to conduct
ocean science—including observational
equipment, internet, and computational
resources, and the capacity to train the
next generation—are not evenly distrib-
uted globally. Tis unequal, patchy distri-
bution of resources hinders the develop-
ment of practical, science-based solutions
to some of the most challenging ocean
problems facing the world population.
Additional barriers to successful global
capacity building include fragmented
training and education programs that are
typically too short to achieve long-term
benefts. Lack of coordination hinders the
sharing of information and experience
and may reduce the likelihood of long-
term support (NRC, 2008). Low- and
middle- income countries are also ofen
ill- equipped to share data according to
FAIR (fndable, accessible, interoperable,
reusable) data principles, making it dif-
cult to include and interpret any data col-
lected. In this special issue, Mahu et al.
describe barriers that must be overcome
in West Africa, in particular, to strengthen
ocean science capacity in that region.
Note that while we use the term
“capacity building” above to describe the
activities related to training and educat-
ing, we use the term “capacity sharing”
in our special issue title to acknowl-
edge that the act of building capacity is
a shared efort. All partners in a capac-
ity sharing efort bring expertise and help
to train others in becoming active part-
ners in the global ocean sustainability
efort. Capacity sharing also acknowl-
edges that local knowledge and tradi-
tions can inform how a capacity building
team works toward sustainability goals
(Miloslavich et al., 2022).
SPECIAL ISSUE CONTENT
Tis special issue of Oceanography on
A Vision for Capacity Sharing in the
Ocean Sciences aims to (1) describe
the global benefts of sustained capac-
ity sharing in ocean science, technology,
and applications; (2) identify the barriers
to capacity sharing; (3) share best prac-
tices on how to build and sustain capac-
ity sharing programs, including lessons
learned by those who have led such pro-
grams; (4) highlight the importance of
capacity sharing to jobs and the economy;
and (5) identify synergies among exist-
ing and new capacity- sharing programs,
including those formed through the
UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustain-
able Development (2021–2030), the Sci-
entifc Committee on Oceanic Research
(SCOR), the Partnership for Observa-
tion of the Global Ocean (POGO), and
the International Oceanographic Data
and Information Exchange (IODE) of the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Com-
mission of UNESCO (IOC/UNESCO).
Te intent of the special issue articles is
to be comprehensive in listing all possi-
ble capacity building and capacity shar-
ing eforts that may have existed or that
are ofered. Rather, our most import-
ant objective is to provide readers with
a valuable resource for developing,
improving, coordinating, implementing,
and promoting capacity sharing pro-
grams in the ocean sciences globally.
We welcome leadership among capacity
building programs to connect, share, and
coordinate on curriculum development
and content of relevant courses.
March 2025 | Oceanography
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
SHOWCASING DIVERSE CAREER PATHS IN OCEAN SCIENCES
At the end of the special issue, 13 autobiographical sketches ofer personal
narratives from professionals across various career trajectories, including
several contributed by guest editors of this issue. These sketches provide
insights into the diverse pathways within and beyond academia, highlighting
both traditional academic careers as well as careers in governmental agen-
cies, industry, conservation organizations, and other applied fields. The con-
tributors reflect on their motivations, challenges, and defining moments, ofer-
ing perspectives on career development, professional fulfillment, and lessons
learned. By including these narratives, we hope to broaden perspectives on
professional opportunities and encourage a more inclusive and adaptable
approach to career development in the ocean sciences and in adjacent fields
in the marine sector.
To kick of the special issue, we dis-
tributed via several listservs a call for let-
ters of interest in contributing long or
short (“spotlight”) articles that would
align with the issue’s goals. Afer review
of the 50 letters of interest submitted,
we sent invitations to roughly half of the
interested parties. In several cases, we
asked potential authors to collaborate
with others who sent in letters of inter-
est on similar topics or programs. We also
invited a few additional spotlights to fll
in gaps in content.
Based on the content distribution of
letters of interest, most articles in this
special issue share information about
and lessons learned from running capac-
ity sharing programs. Organizations such
as IOC/UNESCO contribute to global
capacity sharing through programs such
as the OceanTeacher Global Academy
and the IOC Ocean Traineeship, among
others (Diwa-Acallar et al.). POGO imple-
ments several capacity sharing programs,
such as the Visiting Fellowship Program
(Seeyave et al.), the Shipboard Training
Program (Krug et al.), and the Nippon
Foundation-POGO Centre of Excel-
lence in Observational Oceanography
(Krieger et al.). SCOR’s travel grant pro-
gram has had a positive impact on partic-
ipants (Twigg et al.). Te Surface Ocean-
Lower
Atmosphere
Study
(SOLAS)
builds community through mentoring,
skill enhancement workshops, increas-
ing access to resources, and a network
of observation and training centers
(Dinasquet et al.). Te Ocean Founda-
tion’s Ocean Science Equity Initiative
(EquiSea) provides fnancial support
for projects, coordinates capacity shar-
ing activities, and supports the devel-
opment of low-cost ocean science
technologies, among other activities
(Valauri-Orton et al. a).
Several articles in this issue report on
long-running capacity sharing programs
in Africa, describing their motivations,
evolution, reach, and challenges. Since
2015, the Coastal Ocean Environment
Summer School In Nigeria and Ghana
(COESSING) has been a platform for
exchanging
knowledge,
networking,
learning, and collaboration (Arbic et al.).
A master’s program in Benin that has
been ongoing for 15 years has grown
into a more regional program, training
the next generation of ocean scientists
for jobs in the civil, industrial, and com-
mercial sectors (Alory et al.). A partner-
ship between Cabo Verdean and German
institutions, begun in 2004, has grown
and has established ocean research and
education infrastructure in West Africa
(Fiedler et al.). Additional capacity shar-
ing programs operating in Africa include
Early Career Ocean Professionals (ECOP)
Africa, Citizen Observation of Local Litter
in Coastal Ecosystems (COLLECT), and
Mundus Maris Africa (Saba et al.).
In addition to major program eforts,
smaller collaborative learning experi-
ences such as hackweeks (Martin et al.)
and hackathons (Hochberg et al.) can
be useful for building capacity through
exchange of knowledge about and train-
ing in sofware, data, and computing
resources that are openly available. Tese
sessions are also opportunities to build
relationships and support networks.
Various pedagogical methods can be
used to build capacity, such as partici-
patory action research, which integrates
local knowledge with scientifc research
to foster collaborations (Fakoya et al.),
and project-based learning that empha-
sizes “learning by doing” (Nyadjro et al.).
Online courses that help learners develop
solutions to combat marine litter have
also been made available (Menck et al.).
Collaborative research can also be used to
build capacity, from academia to indus-
try, and can bridge knowledge gaps and
Oceanography | Vol. 38, No. 1
foster innovation (Sowah et al.). Others
call for transdisciplinary studies to build
capacity for addressing changing ocean
systems (Renaud et al.).
Some capacity sharing programs focus
on early career training in data manage-
ment (Beaulieu et al.), promoting liter-
acy in artifcial intelligence (Satterthwaite
and Robbins), and using volunteers
who have local knowledge and the nec-
essary skills to contribute to projects
(Gelpi et al.). Tere are also programs that
target early career scientists from Small
Island Developing States (Chiba et al.)
or that focus on youth engagement for
sustainable small-scale fsheries such
as Too Big to Ignore and Coast 2 Coast.
Tese two programs focus on relation-
ship building, shared responsibility, and
inclusive engagement to shape meaning-
ful change (Koch and Chuenpagdee).
Other capacity sharing projects, such
as Backyard Buoys, leverage low-cost,
scalable marine technology in partner-
ship with regional ocean observing net-
works to enable Indigenous and coastal
communities to gather and use wave
data (Newton et al. a). For more than
20 years, the Discovery of Sound in
the Sea Project has provided education
and outreach opportunities focused on
underwater sound; it is currently collab-
orating with other capacity sharing pro-
grams to develop low-cost sensors that
would enable scientists to character-
ize underwater acoustic environments
(Vigness-Raposa et al.). Te Global
Ocean Acidifcation Observing Network
developed GOA-ON in a Box, a kit
that provides under-resourced scientists
everything they need to obtain weather-
quality carbon system measurements.
To date, researchers in 23 countries have
received these kits and thus have been
able to contribute to monitoring carbon-
ate chemistry conditions related to ocean
acidifcation (Valauri-Orton et al. b).
Some capacity sharing programs
focus on specifc science or sustainabil-
ity goals, such as the Global Ocean Acid-
ifcation Observing Network (Newton
et al. b), the Global Mangrove Alliance
(Veverka et al.), and the Marine Bio-
diversity Observation Network Pole to
Pole (Moity et al.). Others focus on orga-
nizing regional capacity sharing, such as
the proposed All-Atlantic Training Plat-
form (Ekau et al.). Still others, such as the
International Atomic Energy Agency’s
Technical Cooperation Programme sup-
port capacity sharing eforts on a variety
of topics, including ocean acidifcation,
marine toxins, and various contaminants
in marine ecosystems (Metian et al.;
Dupont et al.).
In a fnal spotlight, Guilhon et al. share
their ideas on how to measure the success
of capacity sharing eforts beyond the tra-
ditional quantitative metrics of number
of attendees, publications produced, and
workshops held.
A LOOK TO THE FUTURE
Where should capacity sharing pro-
grams go from here? We asked authors
to include in their articles their thoughts
about the future of their capacity sharing
work, considering the knowledge gained
by running programs and the feedback
they have received from participants.
Among the suggested improvements are
sharing announcements in multiple lan-
guages, running hybrid online/in-person
events and changing event venue loca-
tions to be more inclusive of and aford-
able for scientists from lesser-resourced
countries, publishing plans for building
low-cost instruments, leveraging existing
infrastructure to increase global capac-
ity, extending interdisciplinary collabo-
ration, and engaging early career scien-
tists in all capacity sharing eforts. Stable,
long-term funding for programs is key to
achieving these goals.
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AUTHORS
OCEANOGRAPHY EDITOR. Ellen S. Kappel
(ekappel@geo-prose.com), Geosciences Professional
Services Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA. GUEST EDITORS
AND COAUTHORS. Brian K. Arbic, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Johanna Diwa-Acallar,
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of
UNESCO, Ostend, Belgium. Nicolas Moity, Charles
Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands,
Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador, and University of
New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA. José Muelbert,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil.
Frank Muller-Karger, University of South Florida,
St. Petersburg, FL, USA. Nubi Olubunmi Ayoola,
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography & Marine
Research, Lagos, Nigeria. Digna Rueda-Roa,
University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
Aileen Tan Shau Hwai, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
ARTICLE CITATION
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