Oceanography | Vol. 37, No. 1
The Oceanography Society was founded in 1988 to advance
oceanographic research, technology, and education, and
to disseminate knowledge of oceanography and its appli-
cation through research and education. TOS promotes
the broad understanding of oceanography, facilitates con-
sensus building across all the disciplines of the field, and
informs the public about ocean research, innovative tech-
nology, and educational opportunities throughout the spec-
trum of oceanographic inquiry.
OFFICERS
PRESIDENT: Deborah Bronk
PRESIDENT-ELECT: Paula Bontempi
PAST-PRESIDENT: Andone Lavery
SECRETARY: Allison Miller
TREASURER: Susan Banahan
COUNCILORS
APPLIED TECHNOLOGY: Anna Michel
AT-LARGE: Mona Behl
BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Grace Saba
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Jun Nishioka
EARLY CAREER: Hilary Palevsky
EDUCATION: Leilani Arthurs
GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Laura Guertin
JEDI: Sheri White
OCEAN DATA SCIENCE: Jeremy Werdell
OCEAN SCIENCE AND POLICY: Eric Wade
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Emily Lemagie
STUDENT REPRESENTATIVE: Josette McLean
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Jennifer Ramarui
CORPORATE AND INSTITUTIONAL
MEMBERS
Baker Donelson » bakerdonelson.com
Integral Consulting Inc. » integral-corp.com
National Oceanography Centre » noc.ac.uk
RBR » rbr-global.com
Sea-Bird Scientific » seabird.com
Sequoia » sequoiasci.com
tos.org
EDITOR
Ellen S. Kappel, Geosciences Professional Services Inc.
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Vicky Cullen
DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Johanna Adams
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Claudia Benitez-Nelson, University of South Carolina
Ian Brosnan, NASA Ames Research Center
Luca Centurioni, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Grace Chang, Integral Consulting Inc.
Kjersti Daae, University of Bergen
Mirjam S. Glessmer, Lund University
Charles H. Greene, University of Washington
Alistair Hobday, CSIRO Environment
Amelia Shevenell, University of South Florida
William Smyth, Oregon State University
Robert E. Todd, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Peter Wadhams, University of Cambridge
Oceanography contains peer-reviewed articles that chronicle
all aspects of ocean science and its applications. The journal
presents significant research, noteworthy achievements, excit-
ing new technology, and articles that address public policy and
education and how they are affected by science and technol-
ogy. The overall goal of Oceanography is cross- disciplinary
communication in the ocean sciences.
Oceanography (Print ISSN 1042-8275; Online ISSN 2377-617X)
is published by The Oceanography Society, 1 Research Court,
Suite 450-117, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Oceanography arti-
cles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format as long
as users cite the materials appropriately, provide a link to the
Creative Commons license, and indicate the changes that were
made to the original content. Third-party material used in arti-
cles are included in the Creative Commons license unless indi-
cated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If the material is
not included in the article’s Creative Commons license, users
will need to obtain permission directly from the license holder
to reproduce the material. Please contact Jennifer Ramarui at
info@tos.org for further information.
Oceanography
tos.org/oceanography
Oceanography | Vol. 37, No. 1