March 2024 | Oceanography
SCIENCE SERVING AMERICA’S
COASTLINES AND PEOPLE
Oceanography
THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY
VOL. 37, NO. 1, MARCH 2024
Oceanography | Vol. 37, No. 1
March 2024 | Oceanography
SPECIAL ISSUE ON SEA GRANT: SCIENCE SERVING
AMERICA’S COASTLINES AND PEOPLE
7 Foreword
By J. Pennock
8 Introduction
By M. Allen, M. Behl, R. Briggs, K. Fussell, B. Jessen, S. Kolesar, I. Miller, and S. Otts
10 SPOTLIGHT. Can We Learn to Be in Kinship with the Ocean?
By J. Benson
12 Rising Together in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
By K. Kaczor, R.A. Alegado, K. Hintzen, L. Ching, M. Lieberman, S. Chang, E. Nakano,
A. Sy, D. Horio, K. Tam, V.R. Nerurkar, A. Smyth, A. Collins, K. Fallon, P. Focazio,
and S. Kreisler
19 Challenges and Strategies for Knowledge Co-Production in Ecosystem
and Natural Hazards Research
By S.E. Kolesar, P. Ruggiero, D. Tullos, J.H. Tilt, B. Tilt, and B.M. Thompson
26 Centering Knowledge Co-Production in Sustainability Science:
Why, How, and When
By E.V. Satterthwaite, L. McQuain, A.A. Almada, J.M. Rudnick, A.L. Eberhardt, A.N. Doerr,
R.J. O’Connor, N. Wright, R.A. Briggs, M.J. Robbins, C. Bastidas, E.L. Sparks, K.A. Goodrich,
and W.J. Costello
38 SPOTLIGHT. Co-Production of Knowledge at Sumida Farm Trains a
New Generation of Community-Engaged Scientists
By J. Engels, B.C. Bruno, E. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, H. Dulai, M. Manning, D. Viviani,
K. Keliipuleole, B. Dela Cruz, K. Ho, K. Kila, T. Malterre, A. Thepsenavong, L. Bremer,
C. Wada, S. Watson, A.S. Elshall, A.D. Arik, and K. Burnett
40 Reflecting on Sea Grant’s Efforts to Strengthen DEIJA and Support
Resilient Coastal Communities
By K. Morrill-McClure and E.A. Lenz
44 Storytelling in the Field with Sea Grant’s Science Communicators
By S. Larson, B. Willison, and M. Zhuikov
48 How California Sea Grant’s State Fellowship Program Fuels Careers in
Coastal Conservation and Management
By S. Oh, D. Medina, and C. Leschin-Hoar
53 SPOTLIGHT. A Case Study of Green Infrastructure Training in Delaware
By C. Hauser and E. Ruggiero
54 Applied Education Programming: Four Exemplars in Environmental Literacy
and Teacher Professional Development
By B.C. Bruno, C. Cackowski, J.A. Frederick, R. Vincent, A. Bennett, D. Böttjer-Wilson,
J. Engels, C. Flight, A. Lang, L. Ayers Lawrence, B. Smith, and J. Takacs
60 Examples of Sea Grant Efforts to Improve Aquatic Invasive Species Research,
Outreach, and Management
By T. Campbell and S. Otts
68 SPOTLIGHT. Alien Language: Reflections on the Rhetoric of Invasion Biology
By E. Lower and T. Campbell
March 2024 | Oceanography
CONTENTS VOL. 37, NO. 1, MARCH 2024
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38
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Oceanography | Vol. 37, No. 1
Oceanography | Vol. 37, No. 1
70 Florida Sea Grant Symposia Promote Collaboration Among Harmful
Algal Bloom Stakeholders
By L.S. Krimsky, E.A. Staugler, H.D. Laughinghouse IV, and J.E. Hazell
75 SPOTLIGHT. University of Connecticut’s Climate Corps Promotes
Undergraduate Workforce Development and Climate Adaptation
By J. Barrett and C. Arnold
76 SPOTLIGHT. Plastic Pollution Awareness and Prevention Program for
Coastal Businesses
By J.F. Bartolotta and S.M. Bixler
78 Sea Grant Network Contributions to the National Ocean and Coastal
Acidification Response
By C. Bastidas, M. Chadsey, J.E. Rheuban, R.A. Briggs, and P. Gassett
84 Sea Grant at the Blue Carbon Frontier: Integrating Law, Science,
Community Values, and Economics
By B.J. Jessen and K. Hill
91 SPOTLIGHT. Growing a Domestic Workforce for Oyster Aquaculture
Through Operation of a Demonstration Oyster Farm in Maryland
By S. Hood
92 NOAA National Sea Grant College Program’s Support of Aquaculture
and Its Current Aquaculture Investment Portfolio
By C.R. Weirich, L. Swann, N. Garber, and M.A. Rath
99 SPOTLIGHT. Diversifying Louisiana’s Oyster Industry Through Alternative
Oyster Culture
By R. Kron
100 SPOTLIGHT. A Practitioner-Led Approach to a Climate Change Needs
Assessment of Native Hawaiian Aquaculture
By K. Hintzen, B. Asuncion, M. Tamanaha, Hui Mālama Loko I‘a, and R. Alegado
102 SPOTLIGHT. Diving for Data: Florida Sea Grant’s Great Goliath
Grouper Count
By A.B. Collins, B. Fluech, Z.A. Siders, M. Sipos, and A. Zangroniz
104 SPOTLIGHT. Bridging Texas Shrimpers and Texas Shrimping Policy
By C. Lozada, C. Hale, and L. Picariello
106 SPOTLIGHT. Return ’Em Right: Blending Science with Business Principles
for Lasting Ocean Resource Conservation
By C. Sidman, N. Haddad, and J. Reinhardt
ON THE COVER
Images of Sea Grant’s work in research, education, and extension provided
by (from left to right, from the back to front covers) Maryland, Illinois-Indiana,
New Hampshire, Georgia, Wisconsin, Guam, and Florida Sea Grant programs.
Design by Hallee Meltzer, National Sea Grant Office
SPECIAL ISSUE GUEST EDITORS
• Mike Allen
• Mona Behl
• Rebecca Briggs
• Kristen Fussell
• Brita Jessen
• Sarah Kolesar
• Ian Miller
• Stephanie Otts
SPECIAL ISSUE SPONSOR
Support for this issue was provided by the NOAA National Sea Grant Office and
Sea Grant programs from across the nation.
DISCLAIMER
The scientific results and conclusions, as well as any views or opinions expressed
herein, are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA
or the Department of Commerce or state Sea Grant Programs or the Universities
where they are located.
99
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March 2024 | Oceanography
108 Sea Grant Programs Build Resilience to Coastal Climate Hazards
By I. Miller, M. Collins, M. Covi, P. Gassett, H. Abeels, K. Alvarez, J. Barrett, S. Barry,
M. Behl, R. Collini, L. Engeman, P. Grifman, L. Kerr, K. McClure, C. Petrone, L. Richmond,
P. Rubinoff, and D. Swallow
116 Sharing and Adapting the Homeowner’s Handbook to Prepare for
Natural Hazards
By D. Hwang, K. Duncan Seraphin, D. Okimoto, and C. Knapman
122 SPOTLIGHT. A Visionary Approach to Advancing Sea Level Rise Adaptation
in an Urban Coastal Community, Waikīkī, Hawai‘i
By W. Meguro, C.H. Fletcher, J. Briones, E. Teeples, and G. Casey
124 Putting the Community in Community Science: Lessons Learned from
Sea Grant King Tides Projects
By M. Walton, K. Alvarez, K. Hintzen, K. Graziano, D. Lopera, and L. McQuain
129 Reducing Barriers to Living Shorelines Through Sea Grant
Extension Programs
By S. Martin, S.C. Barry, A.J. Ubeda, V. Encomio, M.W. Clark, R. O’Connor,
M.S. Baily, and E. Sparks
134 SPOTLIGHT. Advancing Stormwater Management at Great Lakes Marinas
with Green Infrastructure: Outreach, Implementation, and Applied Research
By S. Hardy, S. Orlando, R. Winston, K. Fast, J. Dorsey, and J. Noordyk
136 SPOTLIGHT. Working with Giants: A Brief Overview of the University of
Southern California Sea Grant’s Work with the Ninth Largest Port Complex
in the World
By C. Stevenson and J. Fawcett
138 SPOTLIGHT. Multi-Use as the Next Iteration of Ecosystem-Based
Management Planning and Implementation
By J. McCann and S. Kennedy
140 Sea Grant Research Funding: Advancing the Scientific Discourse by
Addressing Local Research Priorities
By J.S. Carlton, C.J. Foley, and T.O. Höök
146 SPOTLIGHT. Working Behind the Scenes: Spotlight on Sea Grant Staff
By L.D. Heyward, K. Morrill-McClure, and M. Wilson
149 Closing Image
By W.B. Bray
ROGER REVELLE COMMEMORATIVE LECTURE
150 Making Waves and Charting New Paths: A Fireside Chat with
Kathy Sullivan and Margaret Leinen
By T. Goelz
DEPARTMENTS
5 QUARTERDECK. In Pursuit of Knowledge About Careers
Outside of Academia
By E.S. Kappel
154 OCEAN EDUCATION. Using Podcasts to Bring National Estuarine
Research Reserves into the Classroom
By K. Dirr and E. Meyer-Gutbrod
160 THE OCEANOGRAPHY CLASSROOM. Cooperative Learning in
Oceanography
By A. Møgelvang
163 FROM THE TOS JEDI COMMITTEE. Transitioning to a Career Outside of
Academia: A Short Guide for Students and Early Career Researchers
By K. Kam and T. Chambers
CONTACT US
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Oceanography | Vol. 37, No. 1
The Oceanography Society was founded in 1988 to advance
oceanographic research, technology, and education, and
to disseminate knowledge of oceanography and its appli-
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the broad understanding of oceanography, facilitates con-
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informs the public about ocean research, innovative tech-
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OFFICERS
PRESIDENT: Deborah Bronk
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TREASURER: Susan Banahan
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AT-LARGE: Mona Behl
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EDUCATION: Leilani Arthurs
GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: Laura Guertin
JEDI: Sheri White
OCEAN DATA SCIENCE: Jeremy Werdell
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Oceanography contains peer-reviewed articles that chronicle
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Oceanography | Vol. 37, No. 1
March 2024 | Oceanography
IN PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT
CAREERS OUTSIDE
OF ACADEMIA
By all accounts, ocean sciences graduate students are very interested in learning about
jobs options outside of academia—jobs that are frequently but unfortunately called
“alternate careers.” Students often lack access to information about such jobs in their
current academic surroundings, but their curiosity about them was evident in the
standing-room-only crowds at the 2024 Ocean Sciences Meeting career panels and CV
writing workshops. It is also notable in the popularity of Oceanography’s career profiles
column (https://tos.org/career-profiles), now in its fifteenth year. These profiles display
the breadth of job opportunities for ocean scientists in government, industry, and the
nonprofit sector. The number of career profiles published online and in hard copies of
Oceanography quietly passed the 100 mark in late 2023. Recognizing students’ need for
career information, professional societies—and many university departments—have
been organizing activities to help fill this knowledge gap and enable students to make
connections with scientists who have pursued careers outside of academia.
For those who are interested in learning about how to use an ocean science degree
to make a difference, I recommend the articles in this special issue of Oceanography on
“Sea Grant: Science Serving America’s Coastlines and People.” They demonstrate the
many ways in which people with ocean science degrees can use their skills to enhance
the well-being of coastal communities and their local environments. Among their
many roles, Sea Grant staff act as facilitators and communicators to increase environ-
mental literacy and make science more accessible. They work with students, commu-
nity leaders, local businesses, and others to devise ways to help coastal communities
mitigate the adverse effects of problems ranging from plastic pollution, sea level rise,
and harmful algal blooms to groundwater pumping and invasive species. Establishing
trust with stakeholders is a large part of the mission as Sea Grant staff institute commu-
nity science projects on topics such as green infrastructure and coastal conservation,
aquaculture practices, and ocean acidification. They develop and publish important
and widely used and adapted handbooks on important topics such as natural hazard
preparedness. And they work to grow the ocean workforce through a variety of train-
ing programs. It’s uplifting reading.
The Oceanography career profiles column and articles in this special issue highlight
the many valuable and satisfying jobs that require the skills trained ocean scientists
possess. As younger scientists migrate to those jobs, perhaps we can finally bury the
term “alternate career.”
QUARTERDECK
Ellen S. Kappel, Editor
DOI. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.239
Oceanography | Vol. 37, No. 1
The Oceanography Society (TOS) was founded
in 1988 to encourage collaboration and inno-
vation among ocean scientists worldwide and
across subdisciplines. The Society continues
to support this community through publishing
Oceanography magazine, convening scientific
conferences, and recognizing major achieve-
ments in ocean sciences through the TOS Honors
Program. TOS is fully committed to nurturing
the next generation of ocean scientists through
mentoring, providing leadership opportunities,
and disseminating student-curated newsletters
that highlight student members, provide links to
resources, and announce opportunities.
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December 31 of each year. Upon joining,
new members will receive access to all back
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JOIN The Oceanography Society
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Background photo credit: Merr Watson/Ocean Image Bank
March 2024 | Oceanography
FOREWORD
The National Sea Grant College Program (Sea Grant) delivers rigorous scientific research, extension expertise,
and education to the coastal and Great Lakes regions of the United States, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Sea Grant’s
mission is to enhance the practical use and conservation of coastal, marine, and Great Lakes resources in
order to create a sustainable economy and environment. Operating through a network of 34 programs embed-
ded in and tailored to their regions, Sea Grant supports and draws on the work of researchers at universi-
ties and colleges across the country to build a sound scientific foundation for the use and preservation of the
nation’s coastal and Great Lakes resources. The Sea Grant model leverages a combination of research, exten-
sion, and education to allow for an integrated co-production approach to problem-solving and capturing
opportunities that often include the development of new technologies and innovative approaches.
Sea Grant’s competitive, peer-reviewed scientific research answers pressing coastal community and eco-
system questions and generates solutions that address critical gaps in scientific knowledge facing our coastal
and Great Lakes communities and the nation. Sea Grant’s education programs use this knowledge to inform
and train citizens to help prepare the next generation of coastal and Great Lakes citizens, workers, and profes-
sionals. Additionally, with over 850 extension agents, Sea Grant works directly with communities to translate
research into practice, empowering coastal stakeholders and training the next generation of leaders.
Sea Grant has a rich tradition of fostering robust partnerships across state, regional, and national levels to
advance shared priorities related to coastal and marine issues. Sea Grant experts bridge national priorities
with local citizens’ needs in ways that help guide state and national research agendas. This two-way exchange
of services and information enables Sea Grant, NOAA, and our partners to meet demonstrated needs, support
businesses, and help policymakers make balanced, well-informed, science-based decisions.
Since 1966, the impact of Sea Grant has been articulated in the outsized impacts of the program. In 2022,
federal investment in Sea Grant of $89.5 million resulted in $802.3 million in economic benefit, creating or
sustaining 1,601 businesses and 9,569 jobs. Over 5,650 resource managers have used ecosystem-based man-
agement approaches as a result of Sea Grant’s work, and 886 communities implemented new sustainable prac-
tices. The work we do has a lasting meaningful impact by preserving our natural coasts and ecosystems and
helping society address the challenges the nation will face along our coasts.
As we look to the future, Sea Grant’s success and impact will continue to rely on the power of collaboration.
This special issue creates a unique opportunity to showcase and celebrate the breadth of Sea Grant’s work. The
articles in this special issue highlight projects from across the Sea Grant network and include contributions
from 175 authors and over 50 external partners. We are grateful for the contributions to this special issue,
which reflect the diverse expertise that strengthens our network.
Sincerely,
Dr. Jonathan Pennock
Director, National Sea Grant College Program
DOI. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.233
SPECIAL ISSUE ON SEA GRANT:
SCIENCE SERVING AMERICA’S COASTLINES AND PEOPLE
Oceanography | Vol. 37, No. 1
SPECIAL ISSUE ON SEA GRANT:
SCIENCE SERVING AMERICA’S COASTLINES AND PEOPLE
The National Sea Grant College Program
is thrilled to partner with Oceanography
to publish a special issue focused on
Sea Grant’s contributions to enhancing
the use and conservation of US coastal,
marine, and Great Lakes resources to cre-
ate a strong and sustainable economy,
healthy coastal ecosystems, and resil-
ient and inclusive communities. This
introduction presents an overview of the
National Sea Grant College program and
highlights articles in this special issue.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF
THE NATIONAL SEA GRANT
COLLEGE PROGRAM
The National Sea Grant College Program,
established by the US Congress in 1966
(amended in 2020; 33 U.S.C. 1121 et seq),
is a federal-state partnership aimed at sup-
porting research, education, extension,
and outreach to promote the sustainable
use and conservation of coastal and Great
Lakes resources (Fambrough et al., 2022).
Initially proposed by President Lyndon
B. Johnson as part of his “Great Society”
agenda, the program was inspired by
the success of the Land Grant Program,
which had revolutionized agricultural
research and extension services.
Sea Grant, administered and sup-
ported by the US National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
and bolstered by matching support
from state institutions and diverse fund-
ing sources, boasts 34 tailored programs
across its network. These programs col-
laborate with coastal and Great Lakes
communities,
governmental
bodies,
industries, and nonprofits to tackle press-
ing issues such as coastal erosion, water
quality, fisheries management, aqua-
culture, and climate change adaptation.
Through a fusion of rigorous scientific
research with hands-on extension, edu-
cation, and outreach services, Sea Grant
propels
environmental
literacy
and
workforce development, healthy coastal
ecosystems, sustainable
fisheries
and
aquaculture, and resilient coastal commu-
nities and economies. This special issue of
Oceanography is broadly organized under
these four focus areas.
ABOUT THIS SPECIAL ISSUE
Working with, and within, communities
is a hallmark of Sea Grant’s approach to
advancing priority marine, coastal, and
Great Lakes topics. Sea Grant’s commit-
ment to inclusive engagement, where two-
way communication empowers shared
learning among various partners, has only
grown over recent years. The program
recognizes the importance of inviting all
voices to the table and prioritizes an asset-
based approach where co-production of
knowledge is essential for finding sustain-
able solutions to complex coastal chal-
lenges (Satterthwaite et al.). Whether
it is work that supports community-
engaged, traditional agriculture in a
Hawaiian fish pond (Engels et al.), or a
novel funding approach to support part-
nerships with tribal and Latinx com-
munities in California and Oregon to
address ecosystem change and coastal
resilience (Kolesar et al.), Sea Grant is
committed to centering community- led,
transdisciplinary approaches. The pro-
gram also acknowledges that various
ways of knowing and learning, includ-
ing traditional and ecological knowledge,
can enhance science-based solutions by
deploying state-of-the-art science com-
munication techniques (Larson et al.)
and exploring artistic interpretations of
coastal topics (Benson; Bray). Sea Grant
views its work in advancing diversity,
equity, inclusion, justice, and accessi-
bility (DEIJA) for coastal people as a
fundamental value that can facilitate
strong
community- based
approaches
(Morrill-McClure and Lenz). Traditional
and local knowledge (TLK) is key
to building equitable, inclusive, and
sustainable solutions.
SCIENCE SERVING AMERICA’S
COASTLINES AND PEOPLE
By Mike Allen, Mona Behl, Rebecca Briggs, Kristen Fussell, Brita Jessen, Sarah Kolesar, Ian Miller, and Stephanie Otts
INTRODUCTION TO
THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON